federal districts. Abstract federal districts Federal districts purpose of creation characteristics of the function

31.10.2021 | Credit cards

The transition of the country's economy to market relations requires a differentiated approach to the development of the subjects of the Federation included in the district. In the last decade, a significant decline in production was noted in areas associated with the development of the machine-building complex and oriented towards the development of light industry. This is due to the use of outdated equipment and non-competitive products manufactured in the leading sectors of the economic complex of the region. The high concentration of enterprises of the military-industrial complex in the region also played an important role in the decline in production.

The Okrug has the necessary conditions for the production of import-substituting products. An increase in labor productivity at the enterprises of the machine-building complex is possible only on the condition of a radical reconstruction of a significant part of the enterprises and the improvement of their technical equipment. Deepening the specialization of mechanical engineering should be associated with the production of high-tech and competitive products that are in demand not only in the domestic but also in the foreign market.

Prospects for the development of the chemical industry of the district can be realized only through reconstruction and technical re-equipment operating enterprises. Further expansion of their capacities is inexpedient, since the federal district is experiencing a shortage of water resources and belongs to the ecologically unfavorable regions of the country. The orientation of light industry to imported raw materials (mainly from the republics of Central Asia) put light industry in a difficult position. Therefore, the development of the industry should focus on strengthening its own raw material base through the development of flax growing in the most favorable natural and climatic regions of the country - the Central, North-Western, northern regions of the Volga Federal Districts.

The effective development of the food market is possible only with the creation of a modern developed infrastructure. To do this, it is necessary to accelerate the implementation of the program for the development of wholesale food markets, stock exchanges, fairs, create a state system of information on the market for agricultural raw materials and food, and organize a wide network of information and consulting services for commodity producers.

The creation of joint-stock companies, various types of partnerships, agricultural cooperatives, associations of peasant and farm enterprises, along with the development of profitable collective farms and state farms, will ensure the formation of a diversified economy for the better use of local conditions and resources.

It is advisable to attract foreign investors to develop the most promising areas of the economic complex. The existing system of financial relations between the state and agricultural producers also needs to be improved. It is necessary to create a special lending fund with preferential conditions and the provision of loans not only to profitable enterprises, but also to those farms that, based on the use of credit, can conduct expanded reproduction, and in agricultural areas - financial and industrial groups of agrarian direction. Financing of agricultural enterprises in this case is carried out at the expense of forward deliveries of products, and the allocated funds are directed to the implementation of effective programs in agro-industrial production.

One of the necessary conditions for the development of market relations is the creation of market infrastructures not only in industrialized areas, but also in regions that are far behind economically.

It is important to conduct a rational demographic policy. Raising the living standards of the population of the country and the district will increase the birth rate in the region.

Federal districts, which in the Russian Federation are essentially a kind of so-called special districts, are quite well known in the world practice of federal states. 5 The purpose of creating special districts is to ensure effective management in a particular industry and solve problems that are either not at all within the competence of the authorities state power subjects of the Federation, or should be decided at the interregional level. At the same time, bodies and individual officials in special districts usually implement technical and executive functions.

Purpose and regulatory framework for the creation federal districts in modern Russia.

The authority of the President of the Russian Federation to appoint and dismiss his plenipotentiaries is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 (clause "k" of Article 83). This constitutional provision lays the foundation for the appointment by the President of any of his representatives, and the head of state actively uses this authority. In practice, the President appoints representatives to other government bodies (the State Duma, the Federation Council, the Constitutional Court, etc.), special representatives on any issue (for example, for negotiations with the European Union on the Kaliningrad Region) and plenipotentiaries to federal districts.

The federal districts were formed in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District." This Decree does not name the reasons that prompted the reorganization of the entire system of representatives of the President on the ground (previously, plenipotentiary representatives of the President were appointed to the subjects of the Russian Federation) and the creation of federal districts, but contains a standard phrase: "In order to ensure the implementation by the President of the Russian Federation of his constitutional powers, increase the efficiency of federal bodies of state power and improving the system of control over the execution of their decisions ... "However, many of these reasons arising from this goal are quite obvious:

1. In particular, outside the capital, in some cases at a very remote distance from it, there are objects that are in federal ownership. It cannot be said that they were ownerless, but at best they were managed by separate departments. However, it is known that the departmental interest does not always coincide with the national one.

2. In addition, at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, the problem of bringing the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation into line with federal legislation on issues of joint jurisdiction between Russia and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation became more acute. However, in many cases, the contradictions are rooted not so much in the principled position of the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, but in the insufficient expert study of draft legislative acts, in the absence of the opportunity to hold consultations with the relevant federal authorities even at the stage of preparing draft laws.

The concept of the federal district. In Russia, a federal district is a territory covering the area of several subjects of the Russian Federation, within which the plenipotentiary representative of the President of the Russian Federation operates. In total, there are seven federal districts on the territory of the Russian Federation.

At the same time, the federal districts do not represent administrative units, but only provide a territorial "binding" for the activities of authorized representatives. In fact, the Decree of May 13, 2000 only expanded the territorial boundaries of the functioning of each of the authorized representatives of the President of the Russian Federation: before the adoption of the Decree, the plenipotentiary acted within one subject of the Russian Federation, as a result of the adoption of the Decree, the limits expanded to several subjects of the Federation.

Plenipotentiary representatives are officials who ensure the exercise by the President of the Russian Federation of their constitutional powers, and in addition to such ensuring activities, representatives do not have any independent powers. Functions of authorized representatives in federal districts. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 (section II) defines as follows main tasks of the plenipotentiary: organization in the relevant federal district of work on the implementation by public authorities of the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the state, determined by the President of the Russian Federation; organization of control over the execution in the federal district of decisions of federal government bodies; ensuring the implementation of the personnel policy of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal district; submission to the President of the Russian Federation of regular reports on ensuring national security in the federal district, as well as on the political and economic situation in the federal district, making appropriate proposals to the President of the Russian Federation.

On the whole, the functions vested in the plenipotentiary representative according to the Decree correspond to the main tasks of his activity set in the same decree for such a representative. However, some functions go beyond monitoring and control. Thus, the plenipotentiary representative has the right and even the obligation to organize the interaction of federal executive bodies with state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, political parties, other public and religious associations; to develop, jointly with interregional associations of economic cooperation of subjects of the Russian Federation, programs for the socio-economic development of territories within the federal district.

It should be noted that all authorized representatives took part in the analysis of the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to detect contradictions with federal legislation, so that in the future the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation would be brought into line with federal legislation.

At the same time, some plenipotentiaries in their actions sometimes went beyond the limits established by the Decree of May 13, 2000. Thus, in some cases, plenipotentiaries openly spoke out in support of one or another candidate in elections to state authorities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the same time, at present, the positions of plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation are considered as important political posts.

County name	Area (km²)	Population (01.01.2009)	Subjects of the Russian Federation	Administrative center
Central Federal District
Southern Federal District				Rostov-on-Don
Northwestern Federal District				St. Petersburg
Far Eastern Federal District				Khabarovsk
Siberian Federal District				Novosibirsk
Ural federal district				Ekaterinburg
Volga Federal District				Nizhny Novgorod
North Caucasian Federal District				Pyatigorsk

Types of economic zones. Federal districts are a new form of territorial administration.

The economic potential of zones - enlarged economic regions. main economic zones.

Combining medium-scale regions (oblasts, territories, republics) into large economic regions allows, to a certain extent, to have a generalized idea of the features of the territorial division of labor and territorial-economic relations (in an elementary form expressed by economic indicators). The grid of macroregions, revealing the current and prospective regional structure of the national economy, is especially convenient for current and medium-term planning (forecasting) and the development of statistical reports in the territorial context and has long been used as such. It is no coincidence that large economic regions are also called the main ones.

At the same time, the system of integral territorial and economic division also includes economic zones of various types and functional purposes:

To coordinate and control regional development by the central government, to ensure the territorial unity and integrity of the country (federal districts);

For long-term (10 or more years) territorial socio-economic forecasting and planning (zones - enlarged economic regions);

To determine tactical and strategic policy and general directions of territorial development (European and Asian parts of the country);

For operational and long-term regulation of economic activity in areas of special interests of the state and entrepreneurship - with favorable regional factors (for example, areas of the European core, the South Siberian strip, etc.) or with extreme conditions (zoa of the Far North, etc.) .

The first type of economic zones includes a number of their varieties according to various functional features related to the general federal administration throughout the country (politics, operational management, long-term planning, etc.).

The directions of development of the Russian economy have always been associated with the economic, natural, historical features of the country, with its gigantic territory, huge and diverse economic resources. In this regard, the role of centralized administration, state power and its instruments has always been high. In addition to state borders and the center, administrative cells of the state space are needed. Hence, the issues of the territorial-organizational structure of the economy acquired great importance. In Russia, the initially adopted reform model ignored the active role of the state in its implementation. With a huge number of regions - subjects of the Federation and their unbridled desire to expand sovereignty, this greatly weakened the central state power.

The state is not only a geographical space delineated by boundaries where its citizens live and work, but above all law, constitutional order and discipline. The situation became intolerable when a fifth of the legal acts adopted in the regions contradicted the Basic Law of the country, the constitutions of the republics and the charters of the regions diverged from it, and trade barriers and even border posts were established between the territories and regions. The consequences of such violations of the law could be catastrophic, but it is impossible to closely and strictly monitor the situation in 89 regions from the capital (and 8 interregional associations are not government bodies). In addition to interethnic conflicts and ambitious claims of regional elites on the grounds of “sovereignty”, the threat to Russia’s national security and territorial integrity is posed by NATO’s advance to the borders of our country and the aggressive plans of the hostile foreign countries to split it up in the face of a crisis weakening and separation of economic ties between peripheral territories and central ones.

Thus, the issue of creating in Russia a new form of state administration at the federal (interregional) level in the form of authorized representatives of the central government in enlarged administrative-territorial formations, for example, federal districts, has become vital, which is consistent with the Russian Constitution (Article 71), referring to federal arrangement under the jurisdiction of the Federation1.

Decree of the President of Russia dated May 13, 2000 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District" in order to ensure the implementation of his constitutional powers, increase the efficiency of federal government bodies and improve the system of control over the execution of their decisions, the Institute of Plenipotentiary Representatives of the President of Russia in the regions was transformed into the institution of plenipotentiary representatives of the President in the federal districts and the relevant Regulations and the list of federal districts were approved.

Since the organizational and economic function is the most important for the state not only in a planned, but also in a regulated market economy, the new form of state-territorial division is based not on a national or formally administrative factor, but, above all, on the principles of economic zoning. Since public administration is broadly functional, it is necessary to use elements of special regionalization, which has always been used, including in pre-revolutionary Russia (military districts, communications, etc.). Therefore, the upper, interregional link of the territorial division was made by 7 federal administrative and economic entities as part of groups and individual economic regions with some changes in boundaries (Fig. 12.1). Moreover, the middle, regional link (with all branches of power) is preserved.

1. Central Federal District:

Belgorod region, Bryansk region, Vladimir region, Voronezh region Ivanovo region, Kaluga region, Kostroma region, Kursk region, Lipetsk region, Moscow region, Oryol region, Ryazan region, Smolensk region, Tambov region, Tver region, Tula region, Yaroslavl region, Moscow city

Center of the federal district - Moscow 2. Northwestern federal district: Republic of Karelia, Republic of Komi Arkhangelsk region,

Vologda region, Kaliningrad region, Leningrad region, Murmansk region, Novgorod region, Pskov region, St. Petersburg, Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Center of the federal district - St. Petersburg

3. Southern Federal District:

Republic of Adygea (Adygea), Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Republic of Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Chechen Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Stavropol Territory, Astrakhan Region, Volgograd Region, Rostov Region

Center of the federal district - Rostov-on-Don

4. Volga Federal District: Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), Udmurt Republic, Chuvash Republic - Chavash of the Republic of Kirov Region,

Nizhny Novgorod region, Orenburg region, Penza region, Perm region,

Samara Region, Saratov Region, Ulyanovsk Region, Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug

Center of the federal district - Nizhny Novgorod

5. Ural Federal District: Kurgan Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Tyumen Region, Chelyabinsk Region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District

Center of the federal district - Yekaterinburg

6. Siberian Federal District: Republic of Altai, Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Tyva, Republic of Khakassia, Altai Territory, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region,

Kemerovo Region, Novosibirsk Region, Omsk Region, Tomsk Region, Chita Region, Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug; Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug, Evenk Autonomous Okrug

The center of the federal district is Novosibirsk 7. Far Eastern Federal District: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Amur Region, Kamchatka Region, Magadan Region, Sakhalin Region, Jewish Autonomous Region, Koryak Autonomous Okrug Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Center of the federal district - Khabarovsk

Rice. 12.1. Federal districts of Russia

Change. As for their current scheme, it includes not only economic zoning, but also elements of defense (military districts) and national-political zoning; this led to the necessary transformation of some (especially the Volga and Ural) territorial and economic macro-complexes.

I With an enlarged administrative division, the number of territorial instances with which the central bodies deal with, solving issues of budget financing, taxation, privatization, etc., is reduced by an order of magnitude, and at the same time, the federal government, unloading in the center, is approaching the localities. Instead of 89 managerial "links" with the regions, the federal center now has direct links with 7 federal districts, each of which, in turn, is connected on average with 12-13 regions. The advantages of macroregions and zones also affect the management of federal energy systems, means of communication, information and communications, in ensuring defense capability (including mobilization training), law and order and national security.

Recall that before the revolution, such administrative formations were endowed with great rights of the governor-general and viceroy, which included several provinces. IN Soviet years large economic regions and zones were used for territorial planning, a complex and duplicating economy was created in them, and at present, interregional associations of economic interaction function in these territories, without showing, however, active activity due to the lack of a state-legal status.

The federal districts have a special national importance, are designed to solve national problems, cementing a single political and economic space of Russia, and on them, as the basic structure, the federal center should first of all rely in its relations with the territories. Therefore, it made sense to create in them, in accordance with the provisions of the Russian Constitution, not regional, but federal authorities (administrations), moving a number of relevant functions of regulation, coordination, command and control from the central apparatus to the territorial one (without affecting the functions of the regions), which meets the interests of federalism in the new conditions (it is not necessary to delegate functions to the districts, because they are established by the center, while the districts are “the center on the periphery”).

In the newly formed federal districts, it is advisable to have authorized representative bodies not only of the President, but also of the Government (having eliminated their numerous representations in the subjects of the Federation), as well as military district administrations, zonal bodies of the FSB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Prosecutor General's Office, etc. (they were created).

Important tasks of the plenipotentiary representative of the President of Russia in the federal district are the implementation by public authorities of the main directions of domestic and foreign policy of the state, control over the implementation of decisions of federal government bodies, regular reports to the President on ensuring national security, on the political, social and economic situation in the district with the introduction relevant proposals. Among the functions of an authorized representative:

Coordination of activities of federal executive bodies in the district;

Organization of interaction of these bodies with state authorities of the subjects of the Federation, local authorities, political parties, other public and religious associations;

Development together with interregional associations of economic interaction of programs of social economic development territories within the district;

Organization of control over the execution of federal laws, decrees and orders of the President, resolutions and orders of the Government, over the implementation of federal programs;

Participation in the work of state authorities of the subjects of the Federation, as well as local governments within the district, etc.

In such multi-resource economic zones, the best conditions may arise for the territorial and economic integration of productive forces, the formation of corporate production and commercial structures, regional markets with large commodity resources and a powerful market infrastructure. Prerequisites are being created for the effective regulation of scientific and technological progress, investment activity, for reasonable economic incentives (taxes, prices, tariffs, etc.), the establishment of self-financing and commodity self-sufficiency, the organization of a system of state support for underdeveloped territories, the development of comprehensive territorial forecasts and plans. It will be possible) to better overcome market-driven trends towards a sharp

Uniformity of economic and social development, imply regular monitoring of its regional levels.

There will always be contradictions between the center and the regions due to their different interests, but their severity can be significantly reduced. More complete information about the state of affairs and personal contacts between various authorities will ensure better mutual understanding, this is facilitated by the approximation of federal administration to the territories.

An important functional purpose of economic zones - enlarged economic regions (federal districts, etc.) - is long-term territorial forecasting and planning. It deals with a relatively small range of indicators, aggregated calculations, the degree of reliability of which decreases both with the expansion of the time horizon and with the decrease in the size of territorial units. Therefore, for forecasts for 10 years or more, it is advisable to use schemes of continuous zones - enlarged economic regions1, representing groupings of macroregions.

In the 1940s and 1970s, when drafting general plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR for 15 years, such zones were allocated.

In the context of the emerging relatively long transitional period of the formation of a regulated market economy, it may be useful to use the scheme of 5-7 economic zones - enlarged economic regions in long-term forecasts and programs. For example: Center and North of the European part of Russia (Northern, Northwestern, Central and Volga-Vyatka macroregions), South of the European part (Central Black Earth and North Caucasian macroregions), Volga-Urals (Volga and Ural macroregions), Siberia (Western -Siberian and East Siberian macro-regions), Far East (the zone coincides with the macro-region, which, however, in terms of territory and resource potential is similar to a fortified area)

The advantage of this scheme is the use of a grid of established macro-regional complexes.

Such a zonal-economic division is more of an appraisal-resource nature, in contrast to the macro-regional one, which has an appraisal-production orientation. It most generally reveals the territorial structure of the country's production potential. It is revealed, for example, that the regions of the Center and the North, as well as the Volga-Urals, account for about 3/5 of the total population and fixed production assets of Russia, and the regions of Siberia and the Far East - 9/10 of fuel and energy, 3/4 of forest resources, almost 70% of the land agricultural fund (Table 12.1). Accordingly, in the long term, the main directions for the development of these groups of macroregions are being formed.

The system of these economic zones makes it possible to reflect the essential features of the development of large parts of the country in the long term. These include large-scale, inter-regional proportions and problems, primarily the territorial distribution and use of the most important production resources (especially multi-purpose ones), taking into account the differentiation of their economic assessments. These economic zones can completely or almost completely coincide with enlarged territorial-administrative formations such as the recently created federal districts, which increases the importance of economic zones as instruments state regulation economy.

The economic regions of the Center and North of European Russia (with the exception of the North) are old-industrial, industrially developed (almost 2/5 of the labor force, 1/3 of the country's production assets), with a predominance of the leading manufacturing industry (especially high-tech engineering, including the military-industrial complex) and consumer complexes, using largely imported fuel, raw materials, semi-finished products. Valuations of arable land and water, regional costs for the creation of industrial and social infrastructure (the latter are 2.5 times less than in the Far East) are among the lowest. However, fuel and energy resources for consumers are 3 times more expensive than, for example, in Eastern Siberia. Some socio-economic indicators are highly differentiated: per capita cash income in Volga-Vyatka is 2.3 times lower than in the Center. The problems and prospects of the zone are basically the same as those of the regions of the European core (for the northern European regions they are the same as for the zone of the Far North).

The south of European Russia has a powerful agro-industrial complex (1/5 of the country's production), including grain farming, the production of valuable industrial crops (sunflower, sugar beet, etc.), large-scale agricultural and a number of other branches of engineering, and large-scale recreational resources. Until recently, the share of agricultural production of the zone in the country was not inferior to the four regions of the Center and the North, but became 1.5 times lower. In the zone - 1/6 of all agricultural land. The value of arable land is twice as high as in the Center. There are insufficient water and forest resources, and there are practically no energy carriers. However, here is the world's largest iron ore basin - KMA (about 3/5 of Russian ore reserves).

The Volga-Ural zone is one of the most industrially developed in Russia (various engineering, especially military, heavy and complex, petrochemical industry, oil and gas production and processing) with a powerful agro-industrial complex (about 1/3 of the country's industrial and agricultural products). The production potential has largely formed on its own fuel and raw material basis, which has not yet exhausted its capabilities (1/4 of the population, more than 1/4 of fixed assets, 1/6 of iron ore reserves, 1/3 of agricultural land). Wherein economic assessments the most important production resources are intermediate in comparison with the Center and Siberia. Complicating factors are the relative limited reserves of fuel and water (especially in the Urals). Acute environmental problems (pollution of the Volga, consequences of a radiation explosion in the South Urals, etc.). The main tasks are connected with the modernization of the industrial and production apparatus (metallurgy, etc.), structural restructuring (conversion of the military-industrial complex), rationalization of interregional and external fuel and raw material ties.

The regions of Siberia are distinguished by a powerful and highly economical natural resource (3/5 of the all-Russian fuel and energy resources, almost 1/2 of forest resources, over 1/3 of water resources, etc.) and significant production potential (almost 1/4 of fixed assets) created. At the same time, the development of natural resources, especially fuel and energy, is highly effective. The given costs for energy fuel for Siberian consumers are the lowest, as well as for water. In a number of cases, these and other valuable resources are successfully combined, creating a broad basis for their combined use within the framework of industrial hubs and TPK. The agricultural land fund is huge, but the value of arable land is 2-3 times lower than in the South of Russia.

The Far East is a vast region of Russia (2/5 of its territory), combining huge and valuable natural resources (non-ferrous, precious and rare metals, diamonds, timber, furs, fish and other seafood) with an advantageous geographical position (neighborhood of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region with a population of about half the world).

In the coming decades, Siberia and the Far East should provide most of our needs for fuel, electricity, non-ferrous metals, wood, and a significant part - for chemical materials. The power of Russia, as predicted by M. V. Lomonosov, "will grow in Siberia." The most important task is to speed up the creation of a broad market for semi-finished and finished products, consumer goods, and to narrow the commodity market. At the same time, negative factors should be taken into account - the "rigidity" of natural conditions, especially the northern part of the zone. The cost of construction and installation work, even in the south, is much higher here (in the Far East - by 35-40%) than in the central regions. About 2/3 of the territory is sparsely populated, district coefficients wages up to 1.8-2 and higher, regional costs for industrial and social infrastructure are also the highest. The solution of national economic problems is facilitated by the use of an expedient division of labor between the south and north of the zone. Other problems and prospects are set out in the characterization of the Asian zone.

Of priority importance for the development of such a huge country as Russia is the rationalization of economic proportions between the main economic zones - the European and Eastern regions. The territorial scope of effective management, progressive structural adjustment and intensification of production is primarily determined by the production and scientific and technical potential of the European zone. At the same time, our economy is significantly dependent on the fuel, energy and raw materials resources of the East. Since the time of industrialization, there has been a continuous increase in the share of the eastern regions in industrial production: in 1965 it was 17, in 1985 - 21, and now - about 29% (1913 - 3%).

The role of the European zone will increase primarily in the development of complex, science-intensive industries that ensure scientific and technological progress, especially machine-building, chemical, convertible defense (complexes of leading industries).

A more rapid development of nuclear energy, high-quality low-energy metallurgy, as well as the agro-industrial complex is expected. Great importance is attached to solving acute problems of life support (fuel and energy, water, environmental, etc.).

At the same time, dynamic growth and improvement of the structure of production will occur mainly through the technical re-equipment and reconstruction of existing enterprises and entire industrial complexes (machine-building, chemical, textile, etc.), improving their production ties, inter-industry proportions and more efficient use of all economic resources (increasing production and return on assets, reduction of energy and material intensity, etc.).

Due to the concentration here of the huge capacities of the manufacturing industry, the funds of production and market infrastructure, and therefore the large market potential, it is likely that after the stabilization of the economy, the share of the European zone in the country's industry will begin to increase, and this is advisable at this stage.

In the long term, the active influence of the eastern regions on the economic development of Russia and neighboring countries will remain, which will be achieved by involving economical natural resources, primarily fuel and energy, in the national economic turnover, but taking into account a strict resource-saving policy. At the same time, priority remains for the fuel and energy complex, the extraction of mineral raw materials, and especially for energy and water-intensive manufacturing industries.

The problem of great importance for the East is rational use limited labor resources. We are talking not only about the full replacement of human labor by high-performance machinery, but also about curbing the location and development of labor-intensive industries that complicate and increase the cost of developing these areas. It would be expedient, given the normal establishment of interregional relations (reducing the cost of transport tariffs, etc.), to abandon self-sufficiency locally with many goods for industrial, technical and even consumer purposes and import them from European regions (instead of importing and arranging a new workforce with families), using and such a favorable factor as an empty direction railways from west to east.

The decisive conditions for securing personnel and raising the economy are the accelerated development of social infrastructure, the acceleration of housing and communal and cultural construction, the development of the agro-industrial complex and trade services, as well as

Creation of incentive measures for the settlement of Siberia and the Far East (taking into account the demographic pressure of a populous China). The transport problem must be solved to ensure reliable communications with the interior regions of Russia and abroad, as well as the transit of goods (containers) between countries Western Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. As part of the target program for the development of the Far East and Transbaikalia, a subprogram for the economic development of the BAM zone is provided

Course work

on the topic "Federal districts of the Russian Federation: analysis and development prospects"

in the discipline "Constitutional Law"

Introduction

Chapter 1. Legal structure and history of creation

1 Composition of federal districts

2 Economic, political, social issues addressed by the federal districts

Chapter 2. Prospects for the development of federal districts

1 Development trend of federal districts

2 Strengthening the influence of federal districts on the development of the Russian Federation

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Russian federal district

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that researchers are still discussing the feasibility of creating the institution of federal districts, its compliance with the norms of federalism.

When studying the institution of federal districts, the question arises of what the system of federal districts is. Is it understood as simply a managerial level, where federal bodies that are not connected with each other function, or as its own hierarchical system of relations, in the center of which is the plenipotentiary representative of the president, as the “head” of the federal district.

Many political scientists, economists, and lawyers are engaged in research on this topic. In particular, a political scientist, professor of the Faculty of Political Science of Moscow State University named after M.V. M.V. Lomonosov Turovsky Rostislav Feliksovich. One of his works is devoted to the federal districts and the political-geographical approach in theory and practice. Also, Doctor of Law Cherkasov Konstantin Valerievich pays great attention to this issue. The sphere of scientific interests of Cherkasov K. V. is the issues of managing the territorial development of the country, interregional public administration, structuring and functioning of the territorial bodies of federal structures. He is the author of more than 180 scientific and educational works. One of his works is devoted to the state and development trends of the federal districts of the Russian Federation.

Federal districts as a whole, as territorial - administrative units of direct subordination to the central authorities of the state, which are not subjects of the Russian Federation, are the object of study of this course work.

The subject of this course work is a number of practical issues of the functioning of the system of federal districts.

The first group of questions is connected with the history of the functioning of the federal districts, with the introduction of the institution of plenipotentiaries into the regional environment. The second group of practical issues is determined by the problems of the legal status of federal districts and plenipotentiaries. The institute of federal districts is not provided for by the Russian constitution, which predetermines its secondary nature in the territorial-state system, the basis of which was and remains the division of Russia into 83 subjects of the federation. The president himself was forced to repeatedly declare that the federal districts are neither new administrative-territorial formations, nor the prototype of new subjects of the federation.

The third group of questions concerns those institutional conflicts that inevitably arise during the creation of federal districts.

In this term paper I will try to consider whether the created federal districts and the appointed plenipotentiaries of the president in the federal districts contribute to more effective government of their territorial units, I will consider the trends and prospects for the development of federal districts, which is the purpose of this course work.

CHAPTER 1. LEGAL STRUCTURE AND HISTORY OF CREATION

From the point of view of political geography and the theory of territorial-state construction, the creation of federal districts meant the introduction of a new, auxiliary managerial level, designed to optimize control from the center over the vast and fractional Russian space. At the level of political propaganda, this could be and was presented as strengthening the state and the vertical of power.

The creation of federal districts was aimed at strengthening the administrative hierarchy through the creation of an institution of responsible federal controllers for certain geographical blocks of Russian regions.

The federal districts of the Russian Federation were created in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia V. V. Putin No. 849 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District” dated May 13, 2000. Federal districts are not subjects or other constitutional part of the administrative-territorial division of the Russian Federation and were created by analogy with military districts and economic regions, but did not coincide with their number and composition. This normative Decree is of fundamental importance and is located at the intersection of constitutional and administrative law, it was intended to strengthen the vertical line of development and functioning of the executive branch, to strengthen the federal government and its interaction with regional authorities, with the power structures of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The Plenipotentiary of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal district is the representative of the President of the Russian Federation and an employee of the Presidential Administration.

The leadership of the districts dominates the incoming subjects, not having constitutional powers, but having the corresponding departmental powers.

Each such plenipotentiary is appointed by the President and is solely responsible to him. The tasks of this official include, first of all, the organization of control over the execution in the federal district of decisions of federal authorities, the presentation to the President of regular reports on the state of affairs in the region, mediation in the interaction of presidential structures with state authorities of the subjects of the federation. The introduction of plenipotentiaries of the President of the Russian Federation on the basis of federal districts was another step towards strengthening the Presidential power in Russia. Proceeding from this, the functions and tasks of plenipotentiaries should be considered as tasks aimed primarily at expressing the will of the President. The main tasks and functions of the plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal districts are determined by the Regulation on the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal district

1. The composition of the federal districts.

At the time of the establishment of the federal districts on May 13, 2000, 7 federal districts were created. The only change in the names of the districts was the renaming of the North Caucasus District to the South on June 21, 2000. On January 19, 2010, in accordance with the decree of President D. A. Medvedev, the number of federal districts was increased to eight by separating the North Caucasus Federal District from the Southern Federal District.

Almost all okrugs consist predominantly or only of krais and oblasts. The only okrug that consists almost entirely of national republics is the North Caucasian okrug. The okrugs have defined city centers that house their governing coordinating bodies in the form of a plenipotentiary representative (plenipotentiary representative) of the President, his staff, and departments of federal departments. The North Caucasus District is the only one in which the city center is not the administrative center or the largest city of its subject.

In May 2000, seven federal districts were established by decree of the President of the Russian Federation:

Central federal district: Belgorod region, Bryansk region, Vladimir region. Voronezh Region, Ivanovo Region, Kaluga Region, Kostroma Region, Kursk Region, Lipetsk Region, Moscow Region, Oryol Region, Ryazan Region, Smolensk Region, Tambov Region, Tver Region, Tula Region, Yaroslavl Region, Moscow. The center of the federal district is Moscow.

Northwestern Federal District: Republic of Karelia, Republic of Komi, Arkhangelsk Region, Vologda Region, Kaliningrad Region, Leningrad Region, Murmansk Region, Novgorod Region, Pskov Region, St. Petersburg, Nenets Autonomous District. The center of the federal district is St. Petersburg.

North Caucasian Federal District: Republic of Adygea (Adygea), Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Republic of Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Chechen Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Stavropol Territory, Astrakhan Region, Volgograd region, Rostov region. The center of the federal district is the city of Rostov-on-Don.

June 2000, in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 1149, the North Caucasian Federal District was renamed the Southern Federal District, then on January 19, 2010, in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 82, the North Caucasian Federal District was separated from the Southern Federal District, which became the 8th federal district.

Southern Federal District today: Republic of Adygea;

Republic of Kalmykia; Krasnodar region; Astrakhan region; Volgograd region; Rostov region

The center of the federal district is the city of Rostov-on-Don.

Volga Federal District: Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), Udmurt Republic, Chuvash Republic - Chavash Republic, Kirov Region, Nizhny Novgorod Region, Orenburg Region, Penza Region, Perm Territory, Samara Region, Saratov Region, Ulyanovsk region. The center of the federal district is the city of Nizhny Novgorod.

Ural Federal District: Kurgan Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Tyumen Region, Chelyabinsk Region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. The center of the federal district is Yekaterinburg.

Siberian Federal District: Republic of Altai, Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Tyva, Republic of Khakassia, Altai Territory, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region, Kemerovo Region, Novosibirsk Region, Omsk Region, Tomsk Region, Chita Region, Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, Taimyrsky (Dolgano-Nenetsky ) Autonomous Okrug, Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug, Evenki Autonomous Okrug. The center of the federal district is Novosibirsk.

January 2007, the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug was abolished and the Taimyr Municipal District of the Okrug became part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

January 2008 Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug became part of the Irkutsk region.

On January 1, 2007, the Evenk Autonomous Okrug, which had previously been an independent subject of the Russian Federation, became the Evensky District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

In March 2008, the Trans-Baikal Territory was formed by combining the Chita Region and the Buryat Autonomous Okrug.

Thus, today the Siberian Federal District includes: the Republic of Altai; The Republic of Buryatia; Tyva Republic; The Republic of Khakassia; Altai region; Zabaykalsky District; Krasnoyarsk region; Irkutsk region; Kemerovo region; Novosibirsk region; Omsk region; Tomsk region.

Far Eastern Federal District: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Amur Region, Kamchatka Region, Magadan Region, Sakhalin Region, Jewish Autonomous Region, Koryak Autonomous Region, Chukotka Autonomous Region. The center of the federal district is the city of Khabarovsk.

July 2007, as a result of the unification of the Kamchatka region and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug, the Kamchatka Territory was formed.

Far Eastern Federal District today: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Amur Region, Kamchatka Territory, Magadan Region, Sakhalin Region, Jewish Autonomous Region, Chukotka Autonomous Region.

January 2010, in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 82, the North Caucasian Federal District was created, which became the 8th in a row.

To date, the North Caucasian Federal District: the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic; Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Chechen Republic. Stavropol region. The center of the federal district is the city of Pyatigorsk.

So, today there are 8 federal districts:

Central Federal District (6th place in terms of territory, 1st place in terms of population);

Northwestern Federal District (4th place in terms of territory and population);

Southern Federal District (7th place in terms of territory, 5th place in terms of population);

North Caucasian Federal District (8th place in terms of territory, 7th place in terms of population);

Privolzhsky Federal District (5th place in terms of territory, 2nd place in terms of population);

Ural Federal District (3rd place in terms of territory, 6th place in terms of population);

Siberian Federal District (2nd place in terms of territory, 3rd place in terms of population);

Far Eastern Federal District (1st place in terms of territory, 8th place in terms of population).

Part Central Federal Districtincludes 18 constituent entities of the Russian Federation (they are listed above). The Central Federal District occupies 650.3 thousand square meters. kilometers (3.8 percent of the territory of the Russian Federation). As of January 1, 2011, the resident population amounted to 38,456.9 thousand people (26.9 percent of the country's population, of which 80.9 percent are urban residents).

Part Northwestern Federal Districtincludes 11 subjects of the Russian Federation (they are listed above). Territory - 1678 thousand km2. Population - 14.5 million people. Federal District in % of Russia: territory - 9.8; population - 9.9; gross regional product - 9.3; industrial products - 11.8; products Agriculture - 6,9.

Part Southern Federal District

In the west, the district has land and water borders with Ukraine, in the east - with Kazakhstan. In the south it borders on Abkhazia and the North Caucasian Federal District. In the north - with the Central and Volga federal districts. In the east, the federal district is bounded by the Caspian Sea, in the west - by the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea.

The Southern Federal District (after the separation of the North Caucasian Federal District from it) includes 2 republics, 3 regions and 1 territory. Its area is 416 thousand 840 square meters. km. Population - 13,798.4 thousand people. This is 9.45% of all Russians.

Part North Caucasian Federal Districtincludes 7 subjects of the Russian Federation (they are listed above).

The population of the federal district, according to the results of the 2010 census, amounted to 9,496,800 people according to Rosstat.

The center of the district is the city of Pyatigorsk, the only one of the centers of the districts that is neither the administrative center of the subject included in the district, nor the largest city of the district (however, it is part of the large Caucasian-Mineralnye Vody agglomeration).

The only federal district, represented only by the republics, as well as one region.

The regions of the North Caucasian Federal District are included in the North Caucasian Economic Region.

Part Volga Federal Districtincludes 14 subjects of the Russian Federation (they are listed above).

Territory - 1036 thousand km2. Population - 32.0 million people.

Federal District in % of Russia: territory - 6.1, population - 21.9, gross regional product - 20.2; industrial products - 24.2; agricultural products - 24.2.

Part Ural federal districtincludes 6 subjects of the Russian Federation (they are listed above).

Territory - 1789 thousand km2. Population - 12.6 million people.

Federal district in % of Russia: territory - 10.4; population - 8.6; gross regional product - 14.8; industrial products - 18.9; agricultural products - 7.1.

Part Siberian federal districtincludes 12 subjects of the Russian Federation (they are listed above).

In the west, the Siberian Federal District borders on the Urals Federal District, in the east - on the Far Eastern Federal District, in the south - on Kazakhstan and Mongolia. The territory of the district is 30% of the territory of the Russian Federation.

According to the results of the All-Russian population census in 2010, 19,256,426 people live in the Siberian Federal District, which is 13.48% of the total population of Russia.

Part Far East federal districtincludes 9 subjects of the Russian Federation (they are listed above).

The area of the Far East of Russia is 6215.9 thousand km ², 36% the area of the whole country (the largest federal district in terms of area).

According to the data of the All-Russian population census of 2002, as of October 9, 2002, 6 million 692 thousand 865 people lived in the Far Eastern Federal District, which is 4.61% of the population of Russia.

Here are some indicators of the federal districts:

The share of the Central Federal District accounts for 33.9 percent of the total gross regional product, 21.6 percent of the agricultural and 26.5 percent of the industrial output of the country.

The Central Federal District provides 33 percent of revenues to the budget system of Russia, 43.2 percent of Russian exports and 57.7 percent of imports.

Volga Federal District produces more than 4/5 of Russian automotive products.

Volga Federal District ranks second in the country in terms of total oil production. Oil production is mainly carried out on the territory of the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkiria. The oil refining industry of the Volga Federal District maintains its leading position in the country.

The main wealth of the Urals Federal District is Russia's largest oil and natural gas resources in the Tyumen region. There are large reserves of iron ores and non-ferrous metal ores in the mining Urals.

One of the economic advantages of the Siberian Federal District is the development of territories located in the BAM zone. This area contains gold, rare metals, copper, coal, asbestos, etc. The total investment capacity of these projects (without oil, gas and pipelines) is about 7-10 billion dollars. Gross regional product - 715.2 billion rubles. (or 11.4% of GRP in Russia).

2. Economic, political, social issues addressed by the federal districts.

The creation of federal districts makes it possible to solve national problems related to the formation of a single economic space of Russia, based on administrative and economic ties, where not only large financial and monetary capital is used, but also the opportunities of small and medium-sized businesses, state budget spheres. This makes it possible to define specific, clear-cut powers of the Center and subjects of the Federation within the framework of their joint competence, to restore order in the system of territorial structures of federal executive bodies in interbudgetary relations.

Today, eight federal districts are a more rigid form for streamlining work with regional elites.

An important role in the system of federal districts is played by advisory bodies that allow coordinating the activities of regional authorities and integrating regional elites.

For example, in the Central Federal District, the practice of “thematic” Councils has been developed, which are held in certain regions on certain specific issues of national and regional significance. The subject of meetings of the District Councils are also issues of an economic nature, which contributes to economic development and attraction of investments in the subjects of the federation. Events of the Central Federal District, representing the presentation of the economic opportunities of its regions, were even held in London and Brussels. An investment forum in Tambov, nicknamed "Tambov Davos", has become a regular event on the territory of the Okrug. Among other things, it allows to attract interest to the Tambov region - one of the most backward regions of Central Russia. In September 2012, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit was held in the Far East. In 2015, Ufa will host meetings of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and meetings of BRICS Heads of State and Government.

All districts have established "parliamentary assemblies" that bring together the speakers of the regional legislative assemblies. The work of these “assemblies”, if properly organized, makes it possible to coordinate the regional legislative process. In this way, compliance of regional legislation with federal legislation can be maintained, and at the same time, preliminary discussions of regional legislative initiatives can take place.

Opportunities for the development of federal districts as integrated territorial systems are being expanded through the creation of intellectual centers in the districts and the implementation of district economic programs. In some federal districts, the Centers for Strategic Research were established (North-Western, Volga, Siberian districts). In a number of cases, attempts were made to develop a strategy for the economic development of the district and to obtain budget funding for it.

As for the current scheme of federal districts, it includes not only economic zoning, but also elements of defense (military districts) and national-political zoning; this led to the necessary transformation of some (especially the Volga and Ural) territorial and economic macro-complexes.

The federal districts are of special national importance, they are designed to solve national problems, cementing the unified political and economic space of Russia.

Among the functions of an authorized representative:

coordination of activities of federal executive bodies in the district;

organizing the interaction of these bodies with state authorities of the subjects of the Federation, local governments, political parties, other public and religious associations;

development, together with interregional associations of economic interaction, programs for the socio-economic development of territories within the district;

organization of control over the execution of federal laws, decrees and orders of the President, resolutions and orders of the Government, over the implementation of federal programs;

participation in the work of state authorities of the subjects of the Federation, as well as local governments within the district, etc.

In such multi-resource economic zones, the best conditions are formed for the territorial and economic integration of productive forces, the formation of corporate production and commercial structures, regional markets with large commodity resources and a powerful market infrastructure. Prerequisites are being created for the effective regulation of scientific and technological progress, investment activity, for reasonable economic incentives (taxes, prices, tariffs, etc.), the establishment of self-financing and commodity self-sufficiency, the organization of a system of state support for underdeveloped territories, the development of comprehensive territorial forecasts and plans.

Allowing to provide organizational and economic mechanisms for the growth of regional economies, the federal districts are able to level out the asymmetry of the socio-economic development of regions, which is the most dangerous for the existence of a federal state, which makes it possible to optimize the economic foundations of Russian federalism. The formal unification of the subjects of the Federation into federal districts and, as a result, the identification of issues common to the regions creates the conditions for their consolidation, leveling the asymmetry of socio-economic development, reducing the degree of separatism, centrifugal aspirations and, ultimately, strengthening the unity of the economic and political space, the territorial integrity of the state. In addition, the interregional nature of the federal districts makes it possible to exercise federal state control at an intermediate level, contributing to the settlement of inevitable conflicts in the state-administrative sphere both between the center and the regions, and between the subjects of the Federation, and in some cases preventing them.

The importance of horizontal ties between the subjects of the Federation for the development of sustainable federal relations necessitates their strengthening and strengthening. The commonality and uniformity of the socio-economic problems of a number of subjects of the Federation located in different federal districts, in some cases objectively dictates the expediency of their simultaneous resolution. Thus, at the federal level, due attention is paid to the comprehensive solution of issues of socio-economic development of the subjects of Russia located within the Far Eastern and part of the Siberian federal districts. Based on the results of the working meeting of the plenipotentiaries of the President of the Russian Federation in the Urals and Volga federal districts on December 14, 2000 in Perm, the development and implementation of interdistrict cooperation mechanisms were recognized as a priority task.

In addition, the unification of regions into federal districts gives them the opportunity to jointly defend their common positions before the central government. The implementation of state sovereignty takes place with the active participation in this process of the subjects of Russia and together with them, but with the dominance of the federal center within the constitutional framework, which makes it possible to build a subsidiary state on the basis of mutual responsibility of the authorities.

Summarizing what was stated in the first chapter, it can be stated that the federal districts, allowing to provide organizational and economic mechanisms for the growth of regional economies, are able to level the asymmetry of the socio-economic development of the regions that is most dangerous for the existence of a federal state, which makes it possible to optimize the economic foundations of Russian federalism.

As a result, instead of many disparate federal territorial structures that do not have a common leadership, a rigid, top-to-bottom, orderly system of executive power was created in 83 regions, which made it possible not only to adjust regional legislation, but also to find ways to control the attraction of financial resources, to increase the investment attractiveness of the regions ..

Thus, the creation of federal districts creates conditions for the development of integration processes within the framework of territorial and economic structures, the formation of a market infrastructure, and contributes to an increase in the efficiency of investment and innovation activities and the functioning of regional markets.

CHAPTER 2. PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEDERAL DISTRICT

At the current stage, the institute of federal districts is in need of stabilization. There is an ongoing debate about the effectiveness of the system, which is largely due to the fact that many elements of the district system have not been finalized, "brought to mind" and standardized for all districts.

The history of the functioning of the federal districts can be divided into stages. At the first stage, the importance of the institution of plenipotentiaries was artificially exaggerated as part of a PR campaign, and the plenipotentiaries themselves behaved harshly, often aggressively, trying to assert their superiority over the main objects of their control - the governors. At the second stage, the institute of federal districts and plenipotentiaries began to pass a new frontier. This stage can be called integration. The effectiveness of the actions of the plenipotentiaries is beginning to be assessed more and more skeptically, which, in the eyes of many observers, casts doubt on the very expediency of the federal districts. But at the same time, a deeper integration of plenipotentiaries into the regional environment begins, the system is evolving from intervention to partnership with regional elites.

The third stage of the functioning of the federal districts can be called stabilization. The system of federal districts is finally built into the relationship between the center and the regions, occupying its intermediate position in it. It was at this stage that we can say that the institute took place. On the one hand, its contradictions with the regional level of power are smoothed out, which leads to a significant reduction in contradictions between the level of federal districts and the level of subjects of the federation. On the other hand, the procedures for implementing centralized control through the system of federal districts are being adjusted and become more routine; they work, but are no longer perceived as gross interference and pressure. However, the stabilization of the federal districts is rather conditional. An analysis of the history of federal districts allows us to talk about the transition from their artificial “implantation” into the system of relations between the federal and regional levels of government, which was inevitably fraught with conflicts, to natural bureaucratic self-regulation. At the current stage, the latter trend prevails, and its development allows us to conclude that the institution of federal districts has nevertheless taken place as a normal, managerial level that fulfills the tasks set by the center, as well as the tasks that have been determined in the course of the development of the process. In this regard, the trends in the development of federal districts, which will be discussed below, are of interest.

1. The development trend of the federal districts.

There are various socio-economic strategies for the development of federal districts. I will consider a number of them.

The Strategy for the Socio-Economic Development of the North Caucasus Federal District until 2025 (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy) defines the main directions, methods and means of achieving the strategic goals of sustainable development and ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation in the territories of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the Republic of Dagestan , the Republic of Ingushetia, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the Chechen Republic and the Stavropol Territory, which are part of the North Caucasian Federal District, until 2025.

The strategy was developed taking into account the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020.

The strategy takes into account the current state of the economy of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, the Russian economy, the global economy and the prospects for their development, as well as the results of the implementation of projects of regional and interregional significance.

The North Caucasian Federal District has favorable conditions for the development of the agro-industrial complex, tourism, the sanatorium and resort sector, the electric power industry, the mining and manufacturing sectors of the industry, as well as developed transit functions.

The main goal of the Strategy is to provide conditions for the accelerated development of the real sector of the economy in the subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, the creation of new jobs, as well as to improve the living standards of the population.

Among the most attractive investment projects in the southern federal district is the development of southern industrial centers. Today, the Volgograd Tractor Plant produces from 2 to 3 thousand units of equipment per year, and is capable of producing up to 50 thousand tractors. With an increase in the harvest in the subjects of the district from 16.5 million to 30-35 million tons of grain, additional agricultural machinery will be required. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop the capacities of the enterprises producing it.

Another direction is the development of tourism and sanatorium base. The south of Russia with its unique beaches of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory (Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik), with its mild climate and sunny days, is a fertile region. The resorts of the south of Russia are able to receive up to 25 million people annually.

A large resort and recreational complex has been formed in the districts. About 50 out of 150 climatic, balneological, balneological and mud resorts of the country are located in the Southern Federal District. The resort and tourism business in the Southern Federal District is one of the most effective areas of the region's economy, the development of which will be facilitated by the improvement of existing centers of national importance, the redistribution of tourist flows across the territory, the creation of new conditions for winter recreation, the construction of modern resort complexes, and the provision of high-quality services to tourists .

The Strategy for the Socio-Economic Development of Siberia until 2020 (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy) defines the main directions, mechanisms and tools for achieving the strategic goals of the development of Siberia for the period up to 2020.

The strategy was developed taking into account the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020.

The priority sectors of the socio-economic development of Siberia in 2010-2020 will be: information telecommunication technologies, nanoindustry, biotechnologies;

mechanical engineering (drilling, mining, pipeline, transport, energy and electrical engineering, metallurgical, housing and communal and construction), aircraft building, production of medical equipment and precision instrumentation; extractive industry (extraction of oil, gas, coal, ferrous, non-ferrous, precious and rare earth metals) and increase in mining; geological exploration work; processing industry - deep processing of primary raw materials (oil, gas, coal, wood chemistry), production of cellulose, paper, high-tech fuels and lubricants, wood boards, furniture and metallurgy products; agro-industrial complex (including organic food products); energy complex(including small (municipal) energy and renewable energy sources); infrastructure of rail, road, air, sea, river and pipeline transport; building materials industry; construction of comfortable social housing at affordable prices (in cities), individual houses (in rural areas), housing for shift workers and workers of the agro-industrial complex; applied science and scientific support for industry, transport, construction and agro-industrial complex; high-quality (including export-oriented) services of transport, financial sector, education, tourism and recreation, healthcare and culture.

The strategic goal of the development of the Far East and the Baikal region is the implementation of the geopolitical task of securing the population in this territory through the formation of a developed economy and a comfortable human environment in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation located on this territory, as well as achieving the average Russian level of socio-economic development.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to ensure a comparable or ahead of the average Russian socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation located in the Far East.

The basic scenario for the development of the Far East and the Baikal region, envisaged by the Strategy - 2025, is linked to the innovative scenario of the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 and is based on the fullest use of the competitive advantage of the regional economy, the natural resource and transit potential of the territory, sustainable increasing the export of competitive products and modernizing the transport infrastructure.

It is also promising to increase the number of federal districts within the borders of Russia, which will allow, without significantly violating the interregional ties that have developed within the federal districts, to increase the efficiency of the functioning of state bodies at the level of the federal district, to raise the degree of their interaction with other public authorities to a higher level, and also to maximally align the federal districts with each other in socio-economic terms, to significantly strengthen the managerial aspect in their placement.

2.2 Strengthening the influence of federal districts on the development of the Russian Federation

The creation and functioning of state bodies at the level of the federal district should be considered in the context of the implementation of administrative reform, the exercise of the powers of federal state bodies, the implementation of cardinal measures to strengthen the unity of the system of state, primarily executive, power in the country, as well as leveling the problematic issues of Russian federalism. One can definitely talk about the completed reformation of a significant part of the executive power structures according to the district principle, the strengthening of the vertical of this power, the deepening of their interaction and ties with the Government and the President of the Russian Federation.

The main point in the formation of federal districts is associated with taking into account a complex of factors that contribute to strengthening the vertical of executive power, strengthening the influence of the central government on political and economic processes in the regions, which allows district state bodies, relying on established institutions, to ensure the implementation of decisions of central federal state bodies on the ground, and in some cases even implement them independently. Federal districts correct the gap between the central federal government bodies and their territorial subdivisions in the regions, and contribute to the revival of the rule of state governance, which was previously violated. They significantly changed the system of state territorial administration, made it possible to form the missing middle management link, a kind of additional level of exercising the powers of federal state bodies.

Summarizing what was stated in the second chapter, I state that the appearance of powerful territorial and economic complexes in the form of federal districts contributes to the progressive development, alignment of socio-economic differences, economic and political integration of the subjects of the Federation, creates a system of large-scale, multi- and multi-resource segments of a single economic and legal space. If we consider each of them as a kind of national economic complex with its own historical, natural and economic specifics and production potential, then significant reserves are revealed for restructuring and raising the country's economy.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the questions discussed above, I can draw the following conclusions.

The creation of federal districts has become a powerful stimulus for the development of "regional capitals", which the state objectively needs. In the Russian space, such capitals play the role of nodes organizing large areas around them. The system of federal districts is a political-geographical structure, through the networks of which innovations spread. The state is interested in organizing and streamlining the innovation process that goes from Moscow to the district capitals, from the latter to the administrative centers of the subjects of the federation, and then to the periphery of individual regions. Such an organization of space can be considered progressive. At the same time, the district capitals themselves become major innovation centers and receive an additional incentive for their development. Increasing their number to 10-12 is also a very useful incentive, since the current eight regional capitals are objectively insufficient, and many large centers have been undeservedly deprived of their potential status as first-order nodes.

A radical enlargement of the subjects of the federation at this stage is simply impossible. the main problem is that the enlargement of the subjects of the federation is impossible without the destruction of the institution of national-territorial autonomy: the smallest subjects of the federation are mostly national autonomies. The number of federal subjects cannot be radically changed. Therefore, the preservation and development of the level of federal districts is fully justified by Russian geography, and precisely as a single sub-federal framework, and not as intersecting "departmental" districts. At the intra-regional level, it is justified to preserve the historically established two internal administrative levels, the lower - settlement and sub-regional - the level of large cities and administrative regions that unite settlements.

So, the institution of federal districts is an intermediate management level, characteristic of a large and administratively fragmented country. It is of particular importance at the crisis stage in the development of Russian statehood as a safety element of centralized anti-crisis management. At the same time, as the study shows, the system of federal districts is objectively necessary for optimizing the territorial-state construction in Russia in the long term. At the same time, it needs its own “internal” optimization.

It can be concluded that the institution of federal districts has taken place as a normal, managerial level that fulfills the tasks set by the center, as well as the tasks determined in the course of the development of the process, the emergence of powerful territorial and economic complexes in the form of federal districts contributes to the progressive development, alignment of socio-economic differences, economic and political integration of the subjects of the Federation, creates a system of large-scale, multi- and multi-resource segments of a single economic and legal space.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Regulations

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 No. No. 849 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District" // SZ RF. 2000. No. 20. Art.2112

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. No. 82 "On Amendments to the List of Federal Districts, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 13.05.2000. No. 849 and in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 12.05.2008 No. No. 724 "Issues of the system and structure of federal executive bodies" // SZ RF. 2010. No. 4. Art.369

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2005 No. No. 337 "On Councils under the Plenipotentiary Representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal Districts" // SZ RF. 2005. No. 13. Art.1139

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. No. 332 "On Amendments to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2005 N 337 "On Councils under the Plenipotentiary Representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in Federal Districts" and Recognizing Some Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation as Invalid" // SZ RF. 2010. No. 13. Art.1451

Federal constitutional law of 30.12.2006 No. No. 6-FKZ "On the formation within the Russian Federation as a result of the unification of the Irkutsk region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug" // SZ RF. 2007. No. 1 (1 hour). Art.1

Federal constitutional law of 12.07.2006 No. No. 2-FKZ "On the formation as part of the Russian Federation as a result of the unification of the Kamchatka region and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug" // SZ RF. 2006. No. 29. Art.3119

Federal constitutional law of 21.07.2007 No. No. 5-FKZ "On the formation as part of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation as a result of the unification of the Chita region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug" // SZ RF. 2007. No. 30. Art.3745

Federal Constitutional Law of March 25, 2004 No. No. 1-FKZ "On the formation as part of the Russian Federation as a result of the unification of the Perm Region and the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug" // SZ RF. 2004. No. 13. Art.1110

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 12.08.2000 No. No. 592 "On the interaction of the government of the Russian Federation and federal executive authorities with the authorized representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal district and the layout of territorial executive authorities" // SZ RF. 2000. No. 34. Art.3473

Special literature

Alaev E. Federal districts - an innovation in the territorial status of Russia. // Federalism, 2000, No. 4, pp. 169-182.

FEDERAL DISTRICT- in a number of states with a federal structure (USA, Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Argentina, Australia) a special administrative-territorial unit, on the territory of which the capital of the federation is located. In Argentina, F. o. is called the federal capital district, in the USA - F. o. Colombia, in Australia - the capital territory, etc. F. o. can either be part of a federation on an equal footing with other subjects (Brazil), or is only integral part, but not a federal subject and administered directly by the federal government (USA, Mexico, Venezuela). For the first time F. o. was formed in 1790 in the USA on lands ceded by two states - Maryland and Virginia - for the construction of a new capital of the Union - Washington.

In May 2000, seven federal districts were formed on the territory of Russia: northwestern, central, Volga, North Caucasian, Urals, Siberian, Far Eastern. The Federal District is headed by the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation. Federal districts, without affecting the main (constitutional) administrative-territorial division, are a form of strengthening the vertical of state power. 7 federal districts were created by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin N849 dated May 13, 2000 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District"; the same decree approved the Regulations on the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District.

The directions of development of the Russian economy have always been associated with the economic, natural, historical features of the country, with its gigantic territory, huge and diverse economic resources. In this regard, the role of the centralized management of state power and its tools has always been high. In addition to state borders and the center, administrative cells of the state space are needed. Hence, the issues of the territorial-organizational structure of the economy acquired great importance. In Russia, the initially adopted reform model ignored the active role of the state in its implementation. With a huge number of regions - subjects of the Federation and their unbridled desire to expand sovereignty, this greatly weakened the central state power.

Thus, the question of creating in Russia a form of state management at the federal (interregional) level in the form of authorized representative offices of the central government in enlarged administrative-territorial formations, for example, federal districts, which is consistent with the Russian Constitution (Article 71), which refers the federal structure to the jurisdiction of the Federation 1 .

Decree of the President of Russia dated May 13, 2000 “On the Plenipotentiary [Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal [District]” in order to ensure the implementation of his constitutional powers, increase the efficiency of the activities of federal government bodies and improve the system of control over the execution of their decisions, the institute of plenipotentiaries of the President of Russia in the regions it was transformed into the institution of presidential plenipotentiaries in the federal districts and the relevant Regulations and the list of federal districts were approved.

Since the organizational and economic function is the most important for the state not only in a planned, but also in a regulated market economy, the new form of state-territorial division is based not on a national or formally administrative factor, but, above all, on the principles of economic zoning. Since public administration is broadly functional, it is necessary to use elements of special regionalization, which has always been used, including in pre-revolutionary Russia (military districts, communications, etc.). That's why top, interregional link of territorial division made 7 federal administrative and economic formations as part of groups and individual economic regions with some changes in boundaries (Fig. 12.1). Moreover, the middle, regional link (with all branches of power) is preserved.

The adopted scheme of federal districts combines the prevailing zonal division (Central, Northwestern, Volga, Siberian, Far Eastern districts) and adjusted macro-regional (Southern, Ural districts). The territorial boundaries of the federal districts may change in the future. As for their current scheme, it includes not only economic zoning, but also elements of defense (military districts) and national-political zoning; this led to the necessary transformation of some (especially the Volga and Ural) territorial and economic macro-complexes.

With an enlarged administrative division, the number of territorial instances with which the central bodies deal with, solving issues of budget financing, taxation, privatization, and others, is reduced by an order of magnitude, and at the same time, the federal government, unloading in the center, is approaching the localities. Instead of 89 managerial "links" with the regions, the federal center now has direct links with 7 federal districts, each of which, in turn, is connected on average with 12-13 regions. The advantages of macro-regions and zones are also reflected in the management of federal energy systems, means of communication, information and communications, in ensuring defense capabilities (including mobilization training), law and order and national security.

Recall that before the revolution, such administrative formations were endowed with great rights of the governor-general and viceroy, which included several provinces. In the Soviet years, large economic regions and zones were used for territorial planning, a complex and duplicating economy was created in them, and at present, interregional associations of economic interaction are functioning in these territories, but without showing active activity due to the lack of a state-legal status.

The federal districts are of special state importance, they are intended to solve national problems, cementing the common political and economic space of Russia, and the federal center should primarily rely on them as the basic structure in its relations with the territories. Therefore, it made sense that, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of Russia, they should create not regional, but federal authorities(management), moving a number of relevant functions of regulation, coordination, order and control from the central apparatus to the territorial one (without affecting the functions of the regions), which is in the interests of federalism in the new conditions (it is not necessary to delegate functions to the districts, because they are established by the center, the districts - " center on the periphery).

Important tasks of the plenipotentiary representative of the President (of Russia in the federal district are the implementation by public authorities of the main directions of the state’s domestic and foreign policy, control over the execution of decisions of federal government bodies, regular reports to the President on ensuring national security, on the political, social and economic situation in the district with making appropriate proposals.

Among functions authorized representative:

Coordination of activities of federal executive bodies in the district;

Organization of interaction of these bodies with state authorities of the subjects of the Federation, local authorities, political parties, other public and religious associations;

Development, together with interregional associations of economic interaction, programs for the socio-economic development of territories within the district;

Organization of control over the execution of federal laws, decrees and orders of the President, resolutions and orders of the Government, over the implementation of federal programs;

Participation in the work of state authorities of the subjects of the Federation, as well as local governments within the district, etc.

In such multi-resource economic zones, the best conditions may arise for the territorial and economic integration of productive forces, the formation of corporate production and commercial structures, regional markets with large commodity resources and a powerful market infrastructure. Prerequisites are being created for the effective regulation of scientific and technological progress, investment activity, for reasonable economic incentives (taxes, prices, tariffs, etc.), the establishment of self-financing and commodity self-sufficiency, the organization of a system of state support for underdeveloped territories, the development of comprehensive territorial forecasts and plans. It will be possible to better overcome market-induced tendencies towards sharply uneven economic and social development and to carry out regular monitoring of its regional levels.

There will always be contradictions between the center and the regions due to their different interests, but their sharpness can be significantly reduced. More complete information about the state of affairs and personal contacts between the various authorities will ensure a better mutual understanding, this is facilitated by the approximation of federal administration to the territories.

3.Activity of Interregional Associations of Economic Interaction.

Inter-regional associations of economic interaction are coordinating structures of the executive and legislative authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. These associations unite the interests of their constituent regions in economic relations with the federal center

The activities of the associations are supported by the federal government. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 16, 1993, No. 918 defines their main tasks and delegates some rights of federal bodies (to form a territorial fund of commodity and raw materials, issue permits for barter transactions, determine the amount and procedure for charging fees for the use of natural resources, and a number of others) . However, it should be noted that these associations are, in fact, public associations and do not have a serious impact on the activation of interregional integration processes. Spontaneously created and not linked to each other by general economic goals, they cannot yet be considered as the basis for a new zoning. They have been created since the summer of 1991. For each association, a decree was adopted by the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, in which the regions that joined the association were provided with significant economic benefits.

A total of 8 associations were created, covering by the beginning of 1999 the entire territory of Russia, except for Chechnya (8 regions are included in two associations at once). The territories of the associations largely coincided with the territories of 11 economic regions of Russia (including the Association "North-West" - the Northern and North-Western regions; "Big Volga" - the Volga and Volga-Vyatka; "Siberian Agreement" - the East Siberian and West Siberian).

There are currently eight such associations. Territories (regions) of associations basically coincide with large economic regions. The main exceptions are the association "North-West" (combines the Northern and North-Western economic regions), the association "Greater Volga" (combines the Volga-Vyatka and Volga economic regions), the association "Siberian Agreement" (combines the West Siberian and East Siberian economic regions). In addition, some subjects of the federation are simultaneously members of two associations. The Kaliningrad region is included in the associations "North-West" and "Central Russia", the Novgorod region - in the "North-West" and "Chernozem region", Bryansk and Tula regions - in "Central Russia" and "Chernozem region" The Tyumen region - into the "Big Ural" and "Siberian Agreement", Buryatia, Chita Region and Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug - into the "Siberian Agreement" and "Far East and Transbaikalia". The Union of Russian Cities also takes part in some events of interregional associations as an observer. In addition, the Association of Autonomous Entities, established in 1992, claimed equal status with interregional associations. On February 5, 1993, the leaders of 8 associations signed a Cooperation Agreement with the Government of the Russian Federation, and on July 14, 1994 - with the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

At the moment, the activities of economic interaction associations of the subjects of the Russian Federation are regulated by the Federal Law "On the general principles and activities of the Associations of economic interaction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation" adopted by the State Duma on November 17, 1999. Pursuant to Article 1, this Federal Law defines the general principles for the organization and operation of associations for economic cooperation of subjects of the Russian Federation. In the second article of the Law, an association is defined as a non-profit organization, the founders of which are state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and which is created on a voluntary basis for the purpose of interregional integration and socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Federation.

According to the law, associations perform a number of tasks, including in the international field: preparation of proposals on issues of international and foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

This law not only regulates the activities of the association in the intra-regional, economic, social, technical, legislative, investment, financial spheres, but also determines the powers in the international sphere.

National-territorial division (autonomous regions, republics) - involves taking into account when dividing National composition the population of the ration, its historically developed features of work and life. Nation-state federation is based on national factors, and therefore it takes place in a multinational state. Such a federation is characterized by the republics included in the federation, autonomous forms of statehood, etc., cultural autonomies can also take place.