How do I calculate the lateral and longitudinal slopes? How to calculate the slope of the roof in percent and degrees 1 ppm how many degrees.
Slope angle- an indicator of the inclination of any surface (road, roof, ramp, flight of stairs, etc.) relative to the horizon.
Angular dimensions indicate on the drawings in degrees, minutes and seconds with the designation of the unit of measurement ( GOST 2.307-2011 " one system design documentation (ESKD). Dimensioning and limit deviations ").
In accordance with GOST R 21.1101-2013 "System of design documentation for construction (SPDS). Basic requirements for design and working documentation", on the plans direction slope planes are indicated with an arrow, over which, if necessary, put down the numerical value of the slope in percent or in the form of the ratio of the unit of height of the plane to the corresponding horizontal projection. It is allowed to indicate the numerical value of the slope in ppm or in the form of a decimal fraction with an accuracy of the third decimal place.
On cuts, sections and diagrams, a sign is applied in front of the dimensional number that determines the numerical value of the slope,
an acute angle of which should be directed towards the slope (except for the steepness of the slopes of embankments and notches). The slope designation is applied directly above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line.
Also, instead of the angle sign, in the drawings there is also the letter designation of the slope ( i).
Percentages usually indicate the angles of slopes of roofs, ramps, flights of stairs, etc.
In ppm, slope angles of flat structures are indicated - sports playgrounds, fields, treadmills, as well as linear structures - roads and railways.
Percent (%)- one hundredth share.
Promille (‰)- one thousandth part.
For instance: slope at height 0.2 meters and horizontal length 4 meters will be equal 5% (read as - five hundredths) or 50 ‰ (read as - fifty thousandths), this value will also correspond approximately - 3 about.
Drawing 1
Often asked which means the slope, for example 0.05 is the ratio of the height to the length of the horizontal section (0.2 m / 4 m = 0.05 - see drawing 1), which, if necessary, can be converted into percent or ppm, whichever is required.
To determine the slope angle in percent (%) (see drawing 1) necessary: 0.2 m / 4 m x 100 = 5%.
To determine the slope angle in ppm (‰), you must: 0.2 m / 4 mx 1000 = 50 ‰.
The same slope can be designated as the ratio of the height to the length of the horizontal section - 1:20 (4 / 0,2 = 20 ).
If you want to determine the length of the horizontal section, knowing the value of the slope in percent and its height from the drawings, you need to - 0.2 m / (5% / 100) = 4 m.
To determine the height of the slope, knowing the value of the slope in percent and the length of the section from the drawings, you need - 5% / 100 x 4 m = 0.2 m.
Similarly, the dimensions for the slope angle expressed in ppm are calculated, only instead of dividing by 100 , division by 1000 .
Note: in order to enter the ppm symbol on the computer ( ‰ ), you must enable NumLock, press the key Alt and holding it to type on the numeric keypad 0137 , release the key Alt after which the symbol will appear ‰ .
If you want to determine the slope accurate to 1 degree, need to: 0.2 m / 4 m = 0.05... The resulting number is 0,05 must be found in the table tg (tangents) for corners. The approximate value in the table is - 0,0524 , will correspond to the corner 3 about (see table).
For people actively exploiting their four-wheeled assistants, who occasionally indulge in drinking, the question of checking for alcohol by the traffic police is quite relevant. Especially in connection with the addition to the basic rule on the maximum allowed level of ethyl alcohol. According to ordinary people, if there is a permit, then a certain amount of alcohol is allowed to be consumed before the trip.
But before defining the volume of alcohol consumed, it is necessary to understand its generally accepted designation, as well as the translation in ppm. After all, it is this unit that appears in official documents... In order to more accurately understand the situation, the table ppm and mg l will help, which makes it possible to understand exactly the correspondence of the parameters. But in addition to the ready-made data, it is necessary to understand the very essence of such translations.
It is more convenient to determine the level of alcohol in the exhaled air.
First, you should understand what a ppm is. It is known that it has always been easier for people to operate (in the case of a non-integral indicator) with any shares or exact parts of the whole. For example, third, tithe, quarter, half. But also sometimes it becomes necessary to use indicators that are much less than those indicated. This is how the concept of "percentage" (or one hundredth of something) once appeared.
If it is necessary to operate with precise and very small measures, it is much more convenient to use a separately created unit.
When it became necessary to measure various additional suspensions dissolved in the liquid, it became inconvenient to use the percentage - this measurement turned out to be too large. Then another unit for measuring the volume of additional fractions in liquids was created - ppm or thousandth. Therefore, the ppm-percent ratio becomes clear: one percent is equal to 10 ppm, and one ppm is a tenth of a percent.
Ppm and alcohol
Doctors armed themselves with this particular unit to calculate the true content of ethyl alcohol in the blood plasma of the subject and successfully use this designation in laboratory tests. But there is also some curious nuance that concerns the gender difference. Despite the fact that the negative effect of ethanol on the internal systems proceeds according to the same scheme, due to the peculiarities of the organism, ppm of the fair sex accumulates much faster in comparison with a man.
What is ppm
It is not difficult to convert ethanol into degrees, for this the investigated drink is compared with pure (undiluted) alcohol. But it is impossible to immediately convert degrees to ppm and vice versa. The point is the difference between concepts:
- The degree determines the strength of a particular beverage.
- Permille denotes the degree of intoxication of the drunk person.
We calculate ppm on our own
In principle, the process of calculating something in thousandths is almost identical to calculating in hundredths (that is, in percent). The ppm itself is indicated by ‰. This sign is slightly similar to the percentage (%). But there is a significant difference between both designations. When designating ppm or determining the concentration of a dose of alcohol in the blood, experts use the following translation:
- 1 ‰ = 0.10% = 1 / 1000.00 = 0.001 (ppm is one thousandth of a whole fraction);
- 1 500 ‰ = 100% - 1.50 (monofraction composition, that is, the full content of something without additional impurities);
- 250 ‰ = 20% = 250/1000 = 0.25;
- 450 ‰ = 40% = 450/1000 = 0.45;
- 0.25 ‰ = 25% = 0.00025;
- 0.20 ‰ = 20% = 0.00020.
As you can see, the conversion of percentage in ppm and vice versa is not so difficult, you just need to remember the basic ratios. Considering the difference between% and ‰, it can be noted that it is almost nominal.
It was found that the highest level of ethanol in the body is observed 30–40 minutes after drinking an intoxicating drink.
This means that knowing the ppm ratio, you can easily get the values you need for calculating. In particular:
- The dose of alcohol consumed.
- The percentage of ethanol present in the body after a given time.
- The time it takes for the complete breakdown of alcohol metabolites.
But in order for the measurement to be applicable for additional calculations, it is necessary to identify some other parameters that affect the resulting result. They are as follows:
- age;
- body mass;
- gender of a person;
- health status;
- a type alcoholic beverage;
- the emotional state of the drunk.
How to calculate ppm using an example
Let's try to calculate how many ppm will be accumulated by the average man weighing 80 kg, who has consumed strong alcohol (vodka, gin, whiskey, cognac) with a strength of 40% and a volume of half a liter. The calculation is carried out in the following steps:
- We calculate the weight of the liquid. It will be about 56 kg (taking into account that in the male body, about 70% is water).
- We consider the dose of pure ethyl alcohol: 500 (the volume of alcohol drunk) x 0.4 = 200 ml. In grams, it will be: 200 x 0.79 (density of pure alcohol) = 158 g. But the content in the blood of drunk pure ethanol (let's say with a strength of 100%) will be as follows: 158 g - 10% = 142.2 g.
- Let's sum up the final concentration of alcohol in blood plasma: 142.2: 56 = 2.54 ‰.
This example proves that if there is a desire, you can easily calculate the level of ppm, which is present in a drunk person. It is very simple to do this, formulas and all calculi are primitive and easy to understand. But it should be understood and taken into account that the given calculations are of an exclusively conditional type, but in no way absolute.
The time for removing alcohol from the blood depends on the lot of body weight.
When calculating ppm, it is worth considering that alcohol is usually not drunk immediately, in one fell swoop. Alcohol is drunk at intervals, breaks.
And over the time elapsed since the first consumption of alcohol, ethanol begins to gradually break down and be excreted from the body. At the same time, do not forget about additional nuances that affect the final indicators (weight, health, age, gender, etc.).
Breathalyzer measurement
Now every person has the opportunity to measure their body for the degree of intoxication. For these needs, a specially created device is used that analyzes the air exhaled by a person - a breathalyzer.
In many European countries, a law has already been introduced requiring every driver to have this device in the car.
So it is safe to assume that, despite all the ease and accuracy of measurement, the detection of ppm in biological fluids is beginning to "give up" its positions. In practice, it turned out to be much more convenient to measure the indicators of alcohol in the exhaled air. But a natural question arises, how to translate mg l in ppm, because the breathalyzer indicators go exactly in such parameters.
In 2013, the maximum permissible level of alcohol in the exhaled air of a person was established: 0.16 mg / l. This decree is still in effect, although now the punishment for driving while drunk has become noticeably tougher. By the way, trying to find the meaning of ‰, and the translation itself from ppm to mg l is a mistake.
It must be understood that ppm directly indicates the amount of foreign fractions in biological fluids (blood, saliva, urine). But this definition does not apply to air. Still, this ratio was developed for the convenience of citizens.
The ratio of mg / l and ppm
Considering that the maximum permissible alcoholic limit is 0.16 ‰ (or mg of ethanol per 1 dm3 of exhaled air), it means that the maximum allowed level per mille in the air flow is about 0.34 ‰. It is this indicator that is the limit beyond which the responsibility of a citizen for drunk driving is already coming.
Auxiliary table
To understand the correspondence between ppm and milligram, you should use the table:
| Drunkenness level | Indicators ppm (in biological fluid) | Indicators mg / l (in exhaled air) |
| normal (biological) alcohol in the human body | 0,10 | 0,045 |
| 0,20 | 0,090 | |
| 0,30 | 0,135 | |
| mild degree ("drinking") | 0,40 | 0,180 |
| 0,50 | 0,225 | |
| 0,60 | 0,270 | |
| 0,70 | 0,315 | |
| 0,80 | 0,360 | |
| 0,90 | 0,405 | |
| initial stage | 1,00 | 0,450 |
| 1,10 | 0,495 | |
| 1,20 | 0,540 | |
| 1,30 | 0,585 | |
| 1,40 | 0,630 | |
| 1,50 | 0,675 | |
| 1,60 | 0,720 | |
| 1,70 | 0,765 | |
| 1,80 | 0,810 | |
| 1,90 | 0,855 | |
| medium degree | 2,00 | 0,900 |
| 2,10 | 0,945 | |
| 2,20 | 0,990 | |
| 2,30 | 1,035 | |
| 2,40 | 1,080 | |
| 2,50 | 1,125 | |
| 2,60 | 1,170 | |
| 2,70 | 1,215 | |
| 2,80 | 1,260 | |
| 2,90 | 1,305 | |
| severe stage | 3,00 | 1,350 |
| 3,10 | 1,395 | |
| 3,20 | 1,440 | |
| 3,30 | 1,485 | |
| 3,40 | 1,530 | |
| 3,50 | 1,575 | |
| 3,60 | 1,620 | |
| 3,70 | 1,665 | |
| 3,80 | 1,710 | |
| 3,90 | 1,755 | |
| alcoholic coma | from 4.00 | from 1,800 |
Drunkenness stages in ppm
Narcologists distinguish several levels of drunkenness, based on the concentration of alcohol in the body. If the first level betrays itself only by insignificant moments that speak of drunkenness, then the third will correspond to the deadly, last and most complicated stage.
The third degree of intoxication often ends up in a coma and a fatal outcome for people.
"Drinking yourself to death" is quite realistic, the lethal dose of ethyl alcohol is individual for each person and is calculated as follows:
- For adults and strong people: 4-8 g of pure alcohol for each kilogram of body.
- For the weak and the elderly: 3g of pure ethanol is enough for death.
Knowing how ppm is calculated, you can easily calculate this indicator (keep in mind that 10 ‰ is 1%). The values will be as follows:
- up to 0.3 ‰: drunkenness is not detected;
- 0.3–0.5 ‰: light, barely noticeable "drink";
- 0.5–1.5 ‰: initial stage (weak intoxication);
- 1.5–2.5 ‰: medium level (moderate intoxication);
- 2.5–3.0 ‰: third stage (severe intoxication);
- 3.0–5.0 ‰: alcoholic coma, refers to an extremely severe stage;
- 5.0–6.0 ‰: a lethal dose of ethyl alcohol, leading to death.
Permille and driving a car: dangerous consequences
Owners of their own cars are interested in how much it is allowed to take "on the chest" so as not to be seen as drunk and breaking the law. Of course, all adults and adequate individuals understand that only a sober person will become an ideal driver. But all sorts of situations happen in life, so this topic will always remain vital.
To do this, it is worth finding out how alcohol changes behavioral reactions and how they differ depending on the degree of drunkenness. To have an illustrative example, it is worth considering and studying the following table, which clearly shows the degree of drunkenness and changes in behavioral reactions:
| Alcohol level (ppm) | Driver reactions |
| 0,2–0,5 | a person is not able to adequately assess and catch moving light sources, an adequate assessment of the current situation slows down, there is a need to increase speed, responsibility, caution disappears, a safe interval is not observed |
| 0,5–0,8 | the possibility of realistically assessing the distance to the nearest objects disappears, which provokes global errors in the control of equipment, there is an incorrect perception of illumination, traffic signals, the distance to other road users |
| 0,8–1,2 | this degree has an extremely relaxing effect on the driver, his reaction drops sharply, the angle of vision changes downward, all actions are weak and almost always wrong, the ability to concentrate is lost |
| 1,2–2,4 | this level per thousand not only will no longer allow to adequately control the car, but in general, the person is in a clear awareness of those around him, the eyesight of the drunk is significantly impaired, gross distortions in orientation and perception of reality appear |
conclusions
Of course, complete sobriety of the driver becomes ideal.... Only in this case the possibility of an accident will be minimized. It is always worth remembering about this, especially when the question arises of a trip somewhere after a stormy holiday. You shouldn't risk yourself and other lives. Remember that even if ppm "fit" into the acceptable limit, it is still better to play it safe and stay in the car only as a passenger.
In contact with
When we talk about the amount of alcohol in the blood, this means the concentration of pure ethanol in ppm, namely in thousandths of a volume. The number 1.5 ppm means that 1000 ml of blood mixed with ethanol contains 1.5 ml of ethanol and 998.5 blood. In this case, it is important to understand that it comes about volume, and this value should not be confused with mass, and the ppm sign with the percent% sign.
how much alcohol in blood does it correspond to?
Portions of a substance that are different in density, but of the same mass, contain different ppm. And the transition from ppm to degrees will be calculated using several values.
PPM is used if taken. or analyzers for alcohol use the unit mg / l.
How are ppm ‰ converted to percentages?
PPM is used to denote the number of thousandths of a content in general. Percentage means the number of hundredths in total, hence the following ratios:
- 1 ‰ = 1⁄1000 = 0.1% = 0.001
- 100 ‰ = 10% = 0.1
The ratio between ppm and degrees
To convert ppm to degrees, it is necessary to take into account that since the initial volume of fluid in the body is different for men and women (for men this figure is 70%, and for women - 60%), then the effect of alcohol will be different. The degree of intoxication varies from health status, gender, age, strength of the drink.
To start the calculations, you need to determine:
- age;
- the volume of alcohol consumed;
- strength of the drink.
- the amount of alcohol in 100 g of a drink must be multiplied by the amount drunk, for example, for a 40⁰ drink, 40% x 150 g = 40/100 x 150 = 60;
- the human body weight is divided by 70% for men and 60% for women, for example, for a man 90kg / 100 x 70 = 63;
- the result of the first action is divided by the result of the second action, for example, 60/63 = 0.95 ‰.
The concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood for a man of 90 kg who has drunk 150 g of 40⁰ vodka will be 0.95 ppm. The concentration will decrease over time.
To calculate the alcohol concentration at a specific point in time, you can apply the following formula:
C = A / (P x r) - b60 x T
с - pure ethanol in ppm ‰;
A is the amount of alcoholic beverage converted into grams;
P is the weight of the person whose research is being carried out;
R is the data conversion coefficient, for women it is 0.55, and for men - 0.68;
T is the time elapsed after drinking alcohol;
B60 - decrease in ppm level in 1 hour.
What can be determined by formulas?
There are formulas by which you can calculate the following data:
- The volume of any alcoholic beverage if its strength is known;
- Calculate the time it takes for a complete cleansing of the body from alcohol;
- Determine the amount of alcohol in the desired hour.
To determine the number of drunk ppm and to convert some units of measurement to others, formulas were developed that were originally used for calculations in the practice of forensic medicine, where it is especially important to carry out such an analysis for solving crimes.
The simplest is the Widmark formula.
Widmark in the 20s of the last century did research and did.
c - ethanol in ppm ‰,
A is the weight of an alcoholic beverage that has entered the body, since not all alcohol reaches the peripheral blood, it is necessary to subtract from this value from 10 - 30%,
m - body weight in kg,
r is the Widmark coefficient, for men it is 0.70, and for women it is 0.60.
In order to do the reverse calculation and determine the weight of alcohol entering the body, the formula is applied:
A = c x m x r 2
This formula does not take into account the timing of the drink.
Without special equipment, it is possible to carry out an independent calculation if an accurate result is not required. For the most accurate answer to the question, it is necessary to involve specialists in the analysis.
Below are the ratios of drunkenness in ppm that are used in formulas to help calculate the level of ethyl alcohol in the blood. It should be remembered that tabular data are always averaged and it is necessary to take into account that the indicators are influenced by the state of health, gender and age.
Intoxication stages
Table of the ratio of indicators per mille and properties of intoxication.
- 0.1 ‰ to 0.29 ‰. The degree of intoxication that is not visible to the eye of an outside observer. On average, the behavior is within the normal range. It can only be detected by special tests.
- 0.3 ‰ to 0.59 ‰. A decrease in restraint is observed, the error detector is turned off in the brain, a person ceases to understand the correctness of actions, a feeling of permissiveness, unreasonable joy and excessive talkativeness appears. Impaired concentration.
- From 0.6 ‰ to 0.9 ‰. Cognitive abilities change, peripheral vision is greatly weakened, the pupil does not adapt well to light. Feelings are dulled, a state of disinhibition arises.
- From 1 ‰ to 1.9 ‰. Basic motor skills are lost, reaction time is prohibitively increased, reflexes are weakened. A characteristic drunk gait appears. Emotions quickly change from joy to anger.
- From 2 ‰ to 2.9 ‰. Severe intoxication with impaired motor skills, memory loss and a high likelihood of loss of consciousness. Restraint up to complete stupor. Complete loss of cognitive ability.
- From 3 ‰ to 3.9 ‰. Loss of control over urination, complete loss of balance, heart palpitations. The person almost does not understand what is happening, he cannot stay on his feet.
- From 4 ‰ to 5 ‰. Loss of control over the movement of the pupils. A person completely loses control over what is happening and his actions.
- from 5 ‰. Alcohol poisoning and a high possibility of death.
Read more about the degrees of drunkenness in ppm in.
The tangent of an angle cannot really be translated into degrees. What's so funny?
By the tangent, you can determine the angle, but for the project of an external household fire-fighting water supply system, this is absolutely not required.
POS and PPR engineer
Really it should be easier.
1 ppm is equal to 1mm / 1m (1000mm) or 1 ‰ = 0.001mm / m or 0.057 degrees.
But there is also interest on road signs.
The known 12% slope must be multiplied by 10 to get 120 ‰ or 6.84 °
To make a living, you have to work.
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But to get rich, you have to come up with something else.
Constructor as a matter of fact (mechanical engineer)
Equipment for tunneling of mine workings, POS, normocontrol, KR, AR
More - the wheels will slide down, it is dangerous.
In fact, you can make 20% and a 2x4 car will overcome them with acceleration. Or it won't.
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More than 12% - for tracked vehicles and all-terrain vehicles.
However, the miners also slide over the roadway at more than 12 °. And they make holding winches for them.
Or, lugs are added to the tracks that increase the angle to 20 °.
In general, so far only a person knows how to climb stairs.
"There are no hopeless situations" Baron Münghausen
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The slope of 5 ppm is how much
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Convert ppm to degrees
To convert ppm to degrees, you need to divide the number of ppm by 1000 (we get the tangent of the angle) and calculate the arctangent of the resulting number on an engineering calculator or look at the value of the angle in degrees in the Bradis table (who is more convenient).
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Example: take the maximum permitted slope of the ramp for heated premises - 130 ppm
130: 1000 = 0.13 which corresponds to 7 degrees. 25 minutes according to the Bradis table
And the inverse problem is to convert degrees to ppm or percent. In the same Bradis table with the naked eye, you can see that 1 degree = 0.0175, or 1.75% (multiply by 100), or 17.5 ppm (multiply by 1000)
What is 1 ppm?
What is 1 ppm? How to find 1 ppm? What is measured in ppm?
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1 ppm is one thousandth of a number.
To denote ppm, there is a special sign - ‰ (percent sign with two zeros).
The word "ppm" comes from the Latin "pro mille" (for a thousand, from a thousand).
Since ppm is one thousandth of a number, the whole number is 1000 ‰.
Ppm - tenths of a percent, that is
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To find 1 ppm of a number, divide the number by a thousand.
1 ‰ of 563 is equal to 563: 1000 = 0.563;
1 ‰ of 7204 is 7204: 1000 = 7.204;
1 ‰ poisoned 65000: 1000 = 65.
For some quantities, the thousandth part of the number has its own name.
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1 ‰ from 1 kilogram is equal to 1 gram;
1 ‰ from 1 ton is equal to 1 kilogram;
1 ‰ of 1 kilometer is equal to 1 meter.
Some values are traditionally measured in ppm.
For example, water salinity, railroad slope, road slope, roof slope, natural population growth.
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The salinity of the ocean water is about 35 ‰. This means that one liter of such water contains 35 grams of salt.
The salinity of sea water is different: the highest per mille is in the Red Sea, in the Barents Sea - only 5 ppm.
The slope of the railway track is measured in thousandths, but, unlike the salinity of water, they are called so - thousandths (and not ppm).
If the length of the horizontal segment AB is 1000 meters, then the slope of 11 thousandths means that the height AC, to which the train following the railway from point B to point C, will rise, is 11 meters.
In high school, you will learn that the angle ABC can be expressed in terms of the line lengths AC and BC as the tangent of the angle ABC:
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To convert ppm to degrees, that is, to determine the degree measure of the angle ABC, you need to find the arctangent of the ratio of the lengths of the segments AC and AB:
How do I calculate the lateral and longitudinal slopes?
Regulatory requirements for slopes
When designing streets in settlements, it is necessary to comply with the requirements for the minimum and maximum indicators of longitudinal and transverse slopes. Slope values are given in ppm.
The cross slope of the carriageway of streets and squares is taken depending on the type of road surface:
Asphalt and cement concrete - 15 ‰ - 25 ‰;
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Prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete slabs, cobbled pavements - 20 ‰ - 25 ‰;
When erecting and reconstructing in cramped conditions, you can increase the transverse slopes by 5 ‰.
The transverse and longitudinal slopes of the parking lot at parking lots and parking lots are accepted in the range from 5 ‰ to 40 ‰.
The transverse slope of a parking space in parking lots adjacent directly to the carriageway of streets may be increased up to 60 ‰.
The minimum longitudinal slope in streets with surface water runoff carried out
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along the trays along the carriageway, you should take:
For asphalt and cement concrete pavements - 4 ‰;
For other types of coatings - 5 ‰.
If drainage trays along the carriageway are not provided, then the value of the minimum longitudinal slope is not standardized, and it is provided by transverse slopes.
Longitudinal slopes on sections of streets with the movement of buses, trolley buses and trams should not exceed:
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60 ‰ - with stopping points and curve radii in the plan of 250 m and more;
40 ‰ - with stopping points and curve radii in the plan from 100 to 250 m;
40 ‰ - without stopping points with radii of curves in the plan less than 100 m.
Converting ppm to degrees
When converting ppm to degrees, you can use the Bradis table. To do this, you need to divide the number of ppm by 1000 - this is the tangent of the angle, and look at the value of the angle in degrees in the table.
But it is much easier and faster to use online unit converter(opens in a new tab).
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Using the Bradis table, you can also perform the inverse task - convert degrees to ppm. For example, the value 5 0 in the table = 0.08749. If we multiply this value by 100, we get a percentage (8.749%), and multiply by 1000 - we get ppm (87.49 ‰).
Longitudinal slope calculation
To check if the projected longitudinal slope is within the specification, a small calculation can be performed:
Divide the difference between the design elevations by the distance between these elevations and multiply by 1000. Get the slope value in ppm.
179..93 = 0.11; 0.11 / 15.2m * 1000 = 7.2 ‰.
Calculation of the cross slope
Check the projected value of the cross slope using the two selected contours. Draw a perpendicular from the middle of one of the selected contours. Extend another horizontal line to the perpendicular. The length of the resulting line (from the beginning of the perpendicular to the intersection point) is 16m. as in the picture. Knowing the excess and distance, we calculate the transverse slope - (0.1m: 16m) * 1000 = 6.3 ‰.
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3 comments on “How to calculate transverse and longitudinal slopes?”
Great resource. Thank you. Exactly, quickly, conveniently, ...
good afternoon. and what is the maximum slope on the lawn?
Ppm
Promille (lat. pro mille- per thousand) - one thousandth, 1/10 percent. It is indicated by (‰). Used to indicate the number of thousandths of something as a whole. Occurs (as well as a percentage) from writing a simple fraction: 27/1000 → 27 ‰; the number of zeros in the designation (3 zeros) corresponds to the number of zeros in the number 1000. The character can be entered on a Windows computer using Alt-0137: with NumLock enabled, hold Alt and type 0137 on the numeric keypad.
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The value in ppm of the mass expressed in kilograms is equivalent to the mass in grams. From mass in tons - kilograms.
Propromille
Propromille - one millionth part, denoted by three Latin letters - ppm, read as "pee-pee-em". Interestingly, the abbreviation ppm itself is more often understood as “parts per million”, and not as “Pro pro mille”. 1 ppm is 1000 times (3 orders of magnitude) less than 1 ppm.
Application
There are some quantities (fractions) traditionally measured in ppm.
For example, the phrase "the salinity of water is 11 ‰ (eleven ppm)", this is the same as 1.1% and means that 0.011 (11 thousandths) of the total mass of water is occupied by salts; so, if you take 1 kg of water, then it will contain 11 g of salts.
Slope
Due to the fact that the slope of the railway track is relatively small, it is also customary to calculate it in ppm, however, they use the term "Thousandth"(for example: "slope of 10 thousandths").
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Imagining the rail as the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle, one of the legs of which is 1000 meters long and parallel to the horizon, we will see that the second leg will be equal to the height to which the train will rise after (almost) 1 kilometer. In practice, the ratio of the second leg to the first leg is often very small, so it is convenient to express it in thousandths. A slope of 8 ‰ means, for example, that, having driven 1 kilometer, the train will rise to a height of 8 meters (the tangent of the ascent angle is 0.008, that is, the actual ascent angle is arctan 0.008 ≈ 0.46 °).
However, in American practice, the slope of the path is measured as a percentage using decimal fractions. Perhaps this is due to the fact that in America the English system of measures is used, in which the ratios between units of distance (in particular, miles, yards and feet) are not multiples of 1000.
see also
- Pivot point
- Sample of noble metals
- Percent
- Thousand (artillery)
Literature
- Big encyclopedic dictionary. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M.: "Great Russian Encyclopedia"; SPb. : "Norint", 1998. - 1456 p. - ISBN60-2
- Non-system units
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what "Promille" is in other dictionaries:
PROMILLE - [lat. pro mille per thousand] a thousandth of a liter. numbers; tenth of a percent (for example, the item indicates the blood alcohol content during tests). Dictionary of foreign words. Komlev N.G., 2006. ppm (Latin pro mille per thousand) thousandth part ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
PROMILLE - PROMILLE, adv. (Latin promille) (special). A thousand. Express mortality in a certain number of ppm. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
ppm - thousandth of a number, indicated by the ppm sign; 1/10 percent. (Source: "Microbiology: glossary of terms", Firsov NN, M: Bustard, 2006) ... Dictionary of Microbiology
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PROMILLE - (from Lat. Pro mille per thousand) thousandth part of the number, denoted ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
PROMILLE - (from Latin pro mille per thousand) (% 0), the unit refers to. quantities (dimensionless ratio of two physical quantities of the same name), 1% 0 = 10 3, in particular 1% 0 = 0.1%. Physical encyclopedic dictionary. M .: Soviet encyclopedia. Editor-in-chief A. M. ... ... Physical encyclopedia
PROMILLE - one thousandth of a value, for example. used to determine the salinity of water. Samoilov K.I. Marine dictionary. M. L .: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941 ... Marine dictionary
PROMILLE - thousandths of any number, denoted by the sign ‰. P. sign is used to designate the longitudinal slopes of the profile zhel. dor. paths and in hydraulic engineering. Technical Railway Dictionary. M .: State Transport Railway ... ... Technical Railway Dictionary
ppm - noun, number of synonyms: 2 share (55) ppm (1) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Dictionary of synonyms
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ppm - is a unit of measurement for alcohol in a person's blood. EdwART. Automotive Jargon Dictionary, 2009 ... Automotive Dictionary
PROMILLE - thousandth part of any number, tenth of a percent; denoted by% 0; used as a unit of relative value (dimensionless ratio of two physical quantities of the same name). Ex. the salinity of the World Ocean is 35% 0, i.e. 35 g ... Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia
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The transition from ppm to degrees and degrees of intoxication
Determination of ppm
When we talk about the amount of alcohol in the blood, this means the concentration of pure ethanol in ppm, namely in thousandths of a volume. The number 1.5 ppm means that 1000 ml of blood mixed with ethanol contains 1.5 ml of ethanol and 998.5 blood. In this case, it is important to understand that we are talking about volume, and this value should not be confused with mass, but the ppm sign ‰ with the percent% sign.
Portions of a substance that are different in density, but of the same mass, contain different ppm. And the transition from ppm to degrees will be calculated using several values.
PPM is used if blood is taken for analysis. Breathalyzer of the traffic police inspector or household varieties of alcohol exhaled breath analyzers use the unit mg / l.
How are ppm ‰ converted to percentages?
To convert ppm to percentage, you must use the ratios of shares in both units.
Promille is used to denote the number of thousandths of a content in general. Percentage means the number of hundredths in total, hence the following ratios:
The ratio between ppm and degrees
To convert ppm to degrees, it is necessary to take into account that since the initial volume of fluid in the body is different for men and women (for men this figure is 70%, and for women - 60%), then the effect of alcohol will be different. The degree of intoxication varies from health status, gender, age, strength of the drink.
To start the calculations, you need to determine:
- the amount of alcohol in 100 g of the drink must be multiplied by the amount drunk, for example, for a 40⁰ drink, 40% x 150 g = 40/100 x 150 = 60;
- the human body weight is divided by 70% for men and 60% for women, for example, for a man 90kg / 100 x 70 = 63;
- the result of the first action is divided by the result of the second action, for example, 60/63 = 0.95 ‰.
The concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood for a man who has drunk 90 kg of 150 g of 40⁰ vodka will equal 0.95 ppm. The concentration will decrease over time.
To calculate the alcohol concentration at a specific point in time, you can apply the following formula:
C = A / (P x r) - b60 x T
с - pure ethanol in ppm ‰;
A is the amount of alcoholic beverage converted into grams;
P is the weight of the person whose research is being carried out;
R is the data conversion coefficient, for women it is 0.55, and for men - 0.68;
T is the time elapsed after drinking alcohol;
B60 - decrease in ppm level in 1 hour.
What can be determined by formulas?
There are formulas by which you can calculate the following data:
- The volume of any alcoholic beverage if its strength is known;
- Calculate the time it takes for a complete cleansing of the body from alcohol;
- Determine the amount of alcohol in the desired hour.
To determine the number of drunk ppm and to convert some units of measurement to others, formulas were developed that were originally used for calculations in the practice of forensic medicine, where it is especially important to carry out such an analysis for solving crimes.
The simplest is the Widmark formula.
In the 20s of the last century, Widmark conducted research and made calculations of the amount of alcohol in the blood.
c - ethanol in ppm ‰,
A is the weight of an alcoholic beverage that has entered the body, since not all alcohol reaches the peripheral blood, it is necessary to subtract from this value from 10 - 30%,
m - body weight in kg,
r is the Widmark coefficient, for men it is 0.70, and for women it is 0.60.
In order to do the reverse calculation and determine the weight of alcohol entering the body, the formula is applied:
This formula does not take into account the timing of the drink.
Without special equipment, it is possible to carry out an independent calculation if an accurate result is not required. For the most accurate answer to the question, it is necessary to involve specialists in the analysis.
Below are the ratios of drunkenness in ppm that are used in formulas to help calculate the level of ethyl alcohol in the blood. It should be remembered that tabular data are always averaged and it is necessary to take into account that the indicators are influenced by the state of health, gender and age.
Intoxication stages
Table of the ratio of indicators per mille and properties of intoxication.
- 0.1 ‰ to 0.29 ‰. The degree of intoxication that is not visible to the eye of an outside observer. On average, the behavior is within the normal range. It can only be detected by special tests.
- 0.3 ‰ to 0.59 ‰. A decrease in restraint is observed, the error detector is turned off in the brain, a person ceases to understand the correctness of actions, a feeling of permissiveness, unreasonable joy and excessive talkativeness appears. Impaired concentration.
- From 0.6 ‰ to 0.9 ‰. Cognitive abilities change, peripheral vision is greatly weakened, the pupil does not adapt well to light. Feelings are dulled, a state of disinhibition arises.
- From 1 ‰ to 1.9 ‰. Basic motor skills are lost, reaction time is prohibitively increased, reflexes are weakened. A characteristic drunk gait appears. Emotions quickly change from joy to anger.
- From 2 ‰ to 2.9 ‰. Severe intoxication with impaired motor skills, memory loss and a high likelihood of loss of consciousness. Restraint up to complete stupor. Complete loss of cognitive ability.
- From 3 ‰ to 3.9 ‰. Loss of control over urination, complete loss of balance, heart palpitations. The person almost does not understand what is happening, he cannot stay on his feet.
- From 4 ‰ to 5 ‰. Loss of control over the movement of the pupils. A person completely loses control over what is happening and his actions.
- from 5 ‰. Alcohol poisoning and a high possibility of death.
And of course, there is an individual body's ability to cope with alcohol intoxication. Lethal dose for one person may not do much harm to another.
There are standards for slopes in the design of various communications and structures, which are guided in their work by architects and builders. You can use any dimension, including degrees. In practice, it is customary to designate steep slopes in degrees, and gentle slopes - in percent and ppm.
Methods for calculating the slope as a percentage
The unit of measure of the roll, depending on its value, are degrees, percent, ppm - a thousandth of an integer: 1 ‰ = 1/10% = 1/1000 of 1. The physical meaning of the slope is the ratio of the height difference to the length of the section on which it is observed. In fact - the tangent of an angle: the excess of 12 meters on a road section of one hundred meters is expressed as 0.12 (tangent) = 12% = 120 ‰. That is, to calculate the slope in ppm, you need to multiply the percentage by ten.
When performing planning work on the land plot, one has to resort to measuring the steepness of slopes. This can be done in several ways:
Roofers are often faced with the need to determine the actual roof slope and know how to calculate the slope using a special tool called an inclinometer. The design of the device is simple: a frame is fixed on the rail with a protractor and a pendulum fixed inside, which has a load and an indicator. The base of the device is placed on the lower surface section of the roof to be measured, and the arrow will indicate the angle.
Determination of the angle of inclination through the tangent
It is known from trigonometry that a tangent is a fraction, at the base of which there is a leg adjacent to the corner, and on top of it - the opposite one (height difference). To determine the slope of the roof in percent and degrees through the tangent, you will need to take measurements:
- heights from the ceiling to the ridge of the roof;
- the distance from the edge of the slope to the projection of the upper line of the two planes joining.
Having made simple calculations, they get some value and, according to the Bradis table or using an engineering calculator, they find the corresponding number of degrees for the desired angle. How to calculate the slope as a percentage - defined above: the height of the ridge is divided by half the width of the attic floor if the slopes are of equal size. Or on the projection of each of the roof surfaces, when the sizes of the sides differ. You can see that this is the tangent of the angle already defined in degrees. To go to the percentage of the slope, you need to perform the action: tg value * 100, and the result will be in percentage.
The ratio of the values to the slope of the roof
For each roofing material, tolerances for the smallest slope are established. Other factors influencing the choice of the angle of the roof slopes:
Building codes and regulations - SNiP II -26-76 regulate the slope of the slopes in percentage. The ratio of percent and degrees for some angles is shown in the table.
| Degree º | Tangent | Percent, % | Promille, ‰ | Degree º | Tangent | Percent, % | Promille, ‰ |
| 1 | 0,0175 | 1,75 | 17,5 | 22 | 0,4040 | 40,40 | - |
| 5 | 0,0875 | 8,75 | 87,5 | 24 | 0,4452 | 44,52 | - |
| 10 | 0,1740 | 17,40 | 174 | 26 | 0,4878 | 48,78 | - |
| 12 | 0,2125 | 21,25 | - | 28 | 0,5318 | 53,18 | - |
| 14 | 0,2494 | 24,94 | - | 30 | 0,5773 | 57,73 | - |
| 16 | 0,2868 | 28,68 | - | 35 | 0,7001 | 70,01 | - |
| 18 | 0,3250 | 32,50 | - | 40 | 0,8390 | 83,90 | - |
| 20 | 0,3828 | 38,28 | - | 45 | 1,0000 | 100,0 | - |
Mathematical methods for calculating the slope are used when special accuracy is not needed, and the measurements are made approximate. If it is necessary to calculate accurate indicators, use modern measuring instruments.
Calculation example: the distance from the edge of the roof slope to the projection of the line of conjugation of the sides - the length of the laying, 5.2 m. The height from the attic floor to the upper elevation of the roof is 2 meters. The slope (tangent of an angle) is determined by the action: 2 / 5.2 = 0.3846. The closest value from the table is 20 degrees, which corresponds to approximately 38%.
Another variant- with the help of a goniometer, the angle of inclination of the roof was determined, its value is 5º. According to the corresponding line, the slope of the surface will be 8.75 percent or 87.5 ppm.
