Philip II, king of Macedonia - All monarchies in the world. Philip II (Macedonian) - biography, facts from life, photos, background information Map of Macedonia under Tsar Philip II

Philip II took the throne of Macedonia very young - at the age of 23. In 359 BC. e. Macedonia was threatened with an Illyrian invasion. After the death of King Perdiccas III, the country was left without a ruler, with the exception of the young son of Perdiccas III Amynta. Macedonia's neighbors are Athens, whose influence extended to the north of the Balkan Peninsula, and the Thracians were ready to subjugate a small and weak state to their influence. However, the brother of the murdered king Philip managed to settle the matter, having bought off the Thracians with gold, and from Athens - the city of Amphipolis, which was extremely necessary for them. In gratitude for this, the people proclaimed Philip king instead of the young Aminta.

Aware of the need to expand the state, Philip began with the army. In his youth, having been a hostage in Thebes, he learned a thing or two from one of the best strategists of the time, Epaminondas. It was King Philip II who invented the famous Macedonian phalanx, modernized by lengthening the spear. The sovereign also paid a lot of attention to artillery, for the creation of which he invited the best mechanics from the city of Syracuse.

With such a strong army in reserve, Philip II could seriously think about turning small Macedonia into a rich and influential state. Athens bitterly regretted that, being tempted by a rich bribe, they left such a nimble youth without attention. Philip took Amphipolis from them, taking a number of other cities under the control of Athens, and immediately gave some of them to his eastern neighbors - the Chalcis Union of Cities led by Olynthos, preventing their intention to support Athens. Then Philip, taking advantage of the dispute between Athens and Thebes for the island of Euboea, captured it, along with the Pangaean region and the gold mines. Using the wealth that was in his hands, Philip began to build a fleet and through trade began to actively influence Greece. As a result of the rapid actions of Philip II, the Chalcedian Union was completely cut off from Central Greece.

In the IV century. BC e. Greece was weakened by the Peloponnesian War and the crisis of the polis. Not a single Greek state could claim to be a unifier or peacemaker. The Greeks made claims to each other for and without reason, each time new alliances were created, new enemies appeared. In 355 BC. e. the Holy War broke out, which lasted until 346 BC. e. The inhabitants of the city of Phocis unexpectedly seized the lands belonging to the Temple of Apollo. The saints tried to curb Thebes. However, the Phokidians responded by capturing the Temple of Apollo in Delphi and hiring an army of 20,000 with the money stolen. Since in Macedonia and Hellas they believed in the same gods, Philip II, at the request of Thebes, immediately acted as an ardent defender of the offended Apollo. Despite a series of setbacks, Philip defeated the Phokidian forces in Thessaly (352 BC) and freed Delphi. 3 thousand prisoners were drowned in the sea as an atonement for sacrilege, and the body of their deceased commander Onomarch was crucified on a cross. Now was the time to punish the criminal city of Phocis. However, Athens, quickly realizing that the Macedonians simply wanted to get to Central Greece, stood up to defend the only way - the Thermopylae Passage.

Philip II, deciding not to tempt fate, turned north. For a long time he had looked with interest at rich Olynthos, who now found himself surrounded on all sides by Macedonian lands, and said: "Either the Olynthians must leave their city, or I - from Macedonia." Having swiftly seized the small cities of the Chalcis Union, the Macedonians laid siege to Olynthos. The siege lasted for a year. Thanks to Philip's diplomacy, help from Athens, for which the Chalcedians begged, was late, the city was taken and destroyed in 348 BC. e.

Now the Athenians, who valued the remnants of their influence in Thrace, agreed to make peace with Macedonia (Philocrates peace 346 BC) and took the army out of Thermopylae. All cunning plans to save Phocis were broken against the treachery, treachery and gold of the Macedonian. Phocis fell, and her votes in Amphiktyonia (the union of Greek city-states - the guardians of the Temple of Apollo at Del fach) went to Philip, who now, as a Hellene, could intervene in Greek affairs on legal grounds. In addition, part of the Greek fortifications on the border of Central Greece and Thermopylae passed to the Macedonian. From now on, the passage to Central Greece was always open to the new owner.

The principles of polis life in the IV century. BC e. began to crumble. And then, quite unexpectedly, Heraclides appeared (a descendant of Hercules, it was from him that Philip II counted his family), who could take on the role of a unifier or a general enemy, which would also rally the policies. After the victory over Phocis, Philip's popularity in the cities increased.

In all policies, there was a struggle between supporters and opponents of the Macedonian king.

The best Athenian orators Isocrates and Aeschines supported Philip, believing that he was that great personality who would revive ancient Hellas if he unified it under his strong rule. For the sake of the greatness of Greece, they were ready to say goodbye to the independence of their hometown. Isocrates argued that Philip's hegemony would be a blessing, because he himself is a Hellene and a descendant of Hercules. Philip II generously endowed his supporters with gold, rightly believing that "there is no such high city wall, through which a donkey loaded with gold could not step over."

Philip's opponent, the leader of the anti-Macedonian party, the Athenian orator Demosthenes called on the Greeks to fight against the aggressive policy of the Macedonian king. He called Philip an insidious barbarian seeking to get his hands on Greece. However, it was not the Greeks, who have long forgotten what honor is, to reproach Philip with treachery, dishonesty, deceit, dishonesty and lust for power. How many of their loyal allies and adversaries who believed in the false promises of their opponents were left on their historical path by Athens, striving for power!

Despite the successes of Philip's supporters, his opponents managed to gain the upper hand. Demosthenes was able to convince Athens, and with them other Greek cities, of the need to repulse the hypocritical and aggressive Macedonian. He achieved the creation of an anti-Macedonian coalition of Greek city-states.

The cunning Philip decided to strike at the Bosporus Thracian and Hellespont straits in order to cut off Central Greece from its Black Sea possessions. He laid siege to Byzantium and the Persian city of Perinth. However, this time, having neutralized the supporters of Macedonia, Athens managed to provide assistance to Byzantium. Perinth was helped by the outraged Persian king Darius III. Philip retreated (340 BC). It was a palpable defeat. Middle Greece could be jubilant. Philip decided not to stir up this hornet's nest yet, leaving it to his supporters, gold and time to act. His wait-and-see policy has borne great fruit. Greece could not live long in peace. In 399 BC. e. the 4th Sacred War began. This time, the inhabitants of the city of Amfissa, supported by Athens, encroached on the lands of the Delphic temple. Amphiktyonia, at the suggestion of Aeschines, a supporter of Macedonia, recalling the ardent defender Delphi, turned to Philip II with a request to intercede for the insulted deity. Philip rushed faster than the wind to Central Greece, punished Amphissa effortlessly and, unexpectedly for everyone and even for his friends, the Thessalians, took possession of the city of Elatea at Kephissus, which was the key to Boeotia and Attica.

Panic broke out in the Allied camp. Thebes, who found themselves right in front of the army of Philip II, trembled with fear. However, not bewildered, Demosthenes, who arrived in the city, managed to raise the morale of the citizens and persuaded them to join the anti-Macedonian alliance, led by the longtime opponents of Thebes - Athens.

The combined army moved against the Macedonian king. Philip II defined his tactics even earlier: "I retreated like a ram in order to hit the horns harder." The opportunity to strike after two unsuccessful battles presented itself to him on August 2, 338 BC. e. at Chaeronea. Alexander, the future Tsar Alexander the Great, took part in this battle for the first time.

The Battle of Chaeronea ended the conquest of Greece by Macedonia. All Greeks, and first of all the Athenians, expected a bloody massacre and mourned their ancient cities in advance. But Philip dealt with the vanquished surprisingly gently. He did not demand surrender and offered them an alliance. Such a diplomatic, educated and generous Philip was looked upon by Greece with admiration. The insulting nickname "barbarian" was forgotten, and everyone immediately remembered that he was Heraclides.

In 337 BC. e. on the initiative of Philip II, a pan-Greek "congress" was convened in Corinth (Pericles' dream came true!), which formed the Panhellenic Union - only Sparta was not included in it - and declared Philip the hegemon of Greece. And it was in vain that Demosthenes once frightened the Athenians: “He (Philip) hates our free institutions most of all. after all, he knows very well that if he subdues all peoples to his power, he will not be firmly in possession of anything as long as the rule of the people exists in you ”. Philip left the political system of the city states unchanged, and the proclaimed Sacred World (finally, peace!) Forbade them to interfere in each other's affairs. Moreover, for the triumph of the common Greek idea and the rallying of the Greeks, the Panhellenic Union declared war on the Persian state, appointing Philip II as strategist-autocrat.

But he did not have time to start a new campaign. In 336. BC e. Philip was killed. Alexander, who was so little like his father, had to continue his work. If Philip was a genius of diplomacy, then Alexander became a deity of war.

Philip II took the sons of noble compatriots into his retinue in order to accustom them to work and military duties, mercilessly punishing them for their tendency to effeminacy and flattery. So, he ordered to beat one young man, who voluntarily left the formation, wanting to quench his thirst, and executed the other because he did not follow the order not to take off his weapons and tried to win the king's favor with flattery and servility.

Having won the victory at Chaeronea over the Athenians, Philip was very proud of himself. But so that vanity would not blind him too much, he ordered his servant to say to him every morning: "King, you are a man."

Children:

30.11.-0001

Philip II of Macedon

Macedonian King

Philip the Great was born in 382 BC in the city of Pella, Macedonia. The boy's father, Aminta III, was an exemplary ruler and was able to unite his country, which had previously been divided into several principalities. However, with the death of his father, the period of prosperity ended. Macedonia disintegrated again. At the same time, the country was also threatened by external enemies, including the Illyrians and Thracians, who periodically raided their neighbors.

The Greeks also took advantage of the weakness of Macedonia, who in 368 BC made a campaign to the north. As a result, Philip the Great was captured and sent to Thebes. Strange as it may seem, but being there was only good for the young man. In the 4th century BC, Thebes was one of the largest Greek city-states. In this city, the Macedonian hostage got acquainted with the social structure of the Hellenes and their developed culture, and even mastered the basics of the military art of the Greeks. All this experience later influenced the policy that was later led by Philip II of Macedon.

In 365 BC, the young man returned to his homeland. At this time, the throne belonged to his elder brother Perdiccas III. Restful life in Pella was again disrupted when the Macedonians came under attack by the Illyrians. These formidable neighbors in a decisive battle defeated the army of Perdiccas, while killing him and another 4 thousand people.

Power passed by inheritance to the son of the deceased, a minor Amint, and Philip was appointed regent. Despite his youth, the young ruler showed his outstanding leadership qualities and convinced the country's political elite that at such a difficult moment, when the enemy is on the doorstep, he should be on the throne and protect civilians from aggressors. Amynthos was deposed and Philip II of Macedon became the new king at the age of twenty-three.

From the very beginning of his reign, Philip the Great demonstrated remarkable diplomatic skills. The king was not shy in front of the Thracian threat and decided to overcome it not with weapons, but with money. Having bribed a neighboring prince, Philip made a turmoil there, thereby securing his own country. Also, the monarch took possession of the important city of Amphipolis, where he established gold mining. Having gained access to the precious metal, the treasury began minting high-quality coins and the state soon became rich.

After that, Philip II set about creating a new army, hiring foreign craftsmen who built the most modern siege weapons at the time. Using bribery of opponents and cunning, the monarch first recreated a unified Macedonia, and then began external expansion. He was lucky in the sense that in that era, Greece began to experience a protracted political crisis associated with civil strife and the enmity of the policies. Northern barbarians, on the other hand, were easily bribed with gold.

Engaged in military reform, Philip the Great paid attention to the issues of not only organization, but also weapons. Under him, sarissa appeared in the army. This is what the Macedonians called the long spear. The sarissophora foot warriors received other weapons as well. During the assault on fortified enemy positions, throwing darts were used, which worked perfectly at a distance, inflicting deadly wounds on the enemy. Philip II, and later his son Alexander, used the cavalry as the main attacking force, which beat the enemy army at the moment when it unsuccessfully tried to break open the phalanx.

After the Macedonian king Philip was convinced that the reforms in the army had borne fruit, he began to interfere in the affairs of his Greek neighbors. In 353 BC, he supported the Delphic coalition in the next civil war Hellenes. After the victory, Macedonia actually subjugated Thessaly, and also became a generally recognized arbitrator and arbitrator for numerous Greek policies.

This success turned out to be a harbinger of the future conquest of Hellas. However, Macedonian interests were not limited to Greece. In 352 BC, the war with Thrace began. It was initiated by Philip the Macedonian, who used the conflict with Thrace because of the uncertainty about the ownership of the border regions of the two countries. After a year of war, the barbarians ceded the disputed lands.

Soon the Macedonian ruler resumed his intervention in Greece. The next on his way was the Chalcedian Union, the main policy of which was Olynthos. In 348 BC, the army of Philip the Great began a siege of this city. The Chalcedian Union received the support of Athens, but their assistance was provided too late. Olynthos was captured, burned and destroyed. So Macedonia further expanded its borders to the south. Other cities of the Chalcis Union were added to it. Only the southern part of Hellas remained independent. The reasons for the military successes of Philip the Great were, on the one hand, in the coordinated actions of his army, and on the other, in the political fragmentation of the Greek poleis, which did not want to unite with each other in the face of external danger. A skilful diplomat deftly took advantage of the mutual hostility of his opponents.

Meanwhile, the Greek cities formed an alliance against the Macedonian expansion. Philip was not embarrassed by this fact, since he was going to continue his march to the south anyway. In 338 BC, the decisive battle of Chaeronea took place. The bulk of the Greek army in this battle consisted of the inhabitants of Athens and Thebes. These two policies were the political leaders of Hellas. The battle is notable for the fact that the eighteen-year-old heir to Tsar Alexander took part in it, who had to learn from his own experience what the army of Philip the Great was. The monarch himself commanded the phalanxes, and his son received cavalry on the left flank. The trust was justified. The Macedonians defeated their opponents. The Athenians, along with their influential politician and orator Demosthenes, fled from the battlefield.

After the defeat at Chaeronea, the Greek city-states lost their last strength for an organized struggle with Philip. Negotiations began on the future of Hellas. Their result was the creation of the Corinthian Union. Now the Greeks found themselves in a dependent position on the Macedonian king, although formally they retained the old laws. Philip also occupied some cities. The union was created under the pretext of a future struggle with Persia. The Macedonian army of Philip the Great could not cope with the Eastern despotism alone. The Greek city-states agreed to provide the king with their own troops. Philip was recognized as the protector of all Hellenic culture.

After the successful unification of Greece under his rule, Philip was about to declare war on Persia. However, his plans were thwarted by family squabbles. In 337 BC, the king married the girl Cleopatra, which led to a conflict with his first wife, Olympias. It was from her that Philip had a son, Alexander, who in the future was destined to become the greatest military leader of antiquity. The offspring did not accept the deed of his father and, following his mother, left his yard.

Philip the Great could not let his state collapse from the inside because of the conflict with the heir, and after lengthy negotiations he made up his son. Then he was going to perform in Persia, but first the wedding celebrations should end in the capital. At one of the festive feasts, the king was unexpectedly killed by his own bodyguard, whose name was Pausanias. The rest of the guards immediately dealt with him. Therefore, it is still unknown what drove the killer. Historians have no reliable evidence of anyone's involvement in the conspiracy.

It is possible that Philip's first wife Olympias was behind Pausanias. Also, the version that the murder was planned by Alexander is not excluded. Be that as it may, the tragedy that has broken out August 10, 336 BC, brought to power the son of Philip, who continued his father's work. Soon the Macedonian armies conquered the entire Middle East and reached the borders of India. The reason for this success was hidden not only in Alexander's military talent, but also in Philip's long-term reforms. It was he who created a strong army and a stable economy, thanks to which his son conquered many countries.

Audata (a tribe of Dardanians) from Illyria (359 BC);
Phila of Macedonia (359 BC);
Nikesipolis of Thessaly (358 BC);
Owl of Thessaly (357 BC);
Olympias from Epirus (357 BC);
Honey from Thrace (340 BC);
Cleopatra of Macedonia (337 BC).

Children:

Sons - Alexander the Great, Philip III Arrideus.
Daughters - Keenana, Thessalonica, Cleopatra and Europa.

Abstract on the topic:

Plan:

Introduction

1 The reign of Philip 2 The submission of Greece 3 The death of Philip 4 The wives and children of Philip II 5 Philip as a commander 6 Philip in the reviews of his contemporaries

Notes (edit)

Introduction

Fili? Nn II(Greek ????????? ", 382 -336 BC) - Macedonian king who ruled in 359-336 BC.

Philip II went down in history more as the father of Alexander the Great, although he carried out the most difficult, initial task of strengthening the Macedonian state and the actual unification of Greece. Later, his son took advantage of the strong, battle-hardened army formed by Philip to build his vast empire.

1. Reign of Philip

Philip II was born in 382 BC. e. in the city of Pella, the capital of ancient Macedonia. His father was King Amyntas III, his mother Eurydice came from a noble family of Linkestids, who ruled independently for a long time in northwestern Macedonia. After the death of Amynta III, Macedonia slowly disintegrated under the onslaught of the Thracian and Illyrian neighbors, the Greeks also did not miss the opportunity to take control of the weakening kingdom. Around 368-365. BC e. Philip was held hostage in Thebes, where he got acquainted with the structure of social life in Ancient Greece, learned the basics of military strategy and joined the great achievements of Hellenic culture. In 359 BC. e. the invading Illyrians captured part of Macedonia and defeated the Macedonian army, killing King Perdiccas III, Philip's brother, and 4 thousand more Macedonians. The son of Perdiccas, Amyntas, was enthroned, but due to his early childhood, Philip became his guardian. Starting to rule as a guardian, Philip soon won the trust of the army and, pushing aside the heir, became king of Macedonia at the age of 23 at a difficult moment for the country.

Gold coins "href =" / text / category / zolotie_moneti / "rel =" bookmark "> gold coins. Thanks to these funds, having created a large standing army, the basis of which was the famous Macedonian phalanx, Philip at the same time builds a fleet, one of the first to widely use siege and throwing machines, and also skillfully resorts to bribery (his expression is known: “ A donkey laden with gold will take any fortress"). This gave Philip the great advantages that, on the one hand, his neighbors were unorganized barbarian tribes, on the other, the Greek polis world, which was in deep crisis, as well as the Achaemenid Persian Empire, which was already decaying at that time.

Having established his rule on the Macedonian coast, Philip in 353 BC. e. first intervenes in Greek affairs, acting on the side of the Delphic coalition (the main members of which were Thebans and Thessalians) against the "blasphemers" of the Phokidians and the Athenians who supported them in the "Holy War." The result was the submission of Thessaly, entry into the Delphic amphiktyony and the acquisition of the de facto role of arbiter in Greek affairs. This paved the way for the future conquest of Greece.

The chronology of Philip's wars and campaigns, recorded by Diodorus of Siculus, is as follows:

359 BC e. - a campaign against the Peonians. The overwhelmed Peonians recognized their dependence on Philip. 358 BC e. - a campaign against the Illyrians with an army of 11 thousand soldiers. The Illyrians fielded roughly equal forces. In a stubborn battle, the leader Bardill and 7 thousand of his tribesmen fell. After the defeat, the Illyrians ceded the previously captured Macedonian cities. 357 BC e. - was taken by storm the city of Amphipolis, a large trade center on the Thracian coast. The Greek city of Pidna, on the southern coast of Macedonia, was conquered. 356 BC e. - after the siege, the city of Potidea on the Halkidiki Peninsula was occupied and transferred to the city of Olynthus, the inhabitants were sold into slavery. The region of Krenides was conquered from the Thracians, where the fortress of Philippi was founded. The gold mines of Mount Pangei in the captured area allowed Philip to increase his army. 355 BC e. - captured the Greek city-states of Abder and Maronei on the Thracian coast of the Aegean Sea. 354 BC e. - after the siege, the Greek city of Methon surrendered. During the siege, an arrow fired by a certain Astaire damaged Philip's right eye. All residents were evicted, the city was razed, Aster was crucified. 353 - 352 BC e. - participation in the Sacred War. The Phokidians are defeated and driven from Thessaly to central Greece. Philip subjugates Thessaly. 352 - 351 BC e. - a trip to Thrace. The Thracians ceded the disputed territories of Macedonia. 350 - 349 BC e. - a successful campaign against Illyria and against the Peonians. 349 -348 biennium BC e. - capture of Olynthos and other cities of Halkidiki. Olynthos is destroyed, the inhabitants are sold into slavery. 346 BC e. - a trip to Thrace. The Thracian king Kersobleptus became a vassal of Macedonia. 346 -344 BC e. - a hike to Central Greece. Destruction of the Phokid cities, the population of which was forcibly relocated to the borders of Macedonia. 343 BC e. - Hike to Illyria, big booty taken. The final submission of Thessaly, once again Philip changes power there. 342 BC e. - Philip overthrows King Arriba of Epirus and elevates Alexander Molossky, brother of his wife Olympias, to the throne. Some of the border regions of Epirus are annexed to Macedonia. 342 - 341 BC e. - a campaign in Thrace, the Thracian king Kersobleptus was overthrown and tribute was imposed on the tribes, control was established over the entire Thracian coast of the Aegean Sea. 340 - 339 BC e. - the siege of Perinth and Byzantium, which control the straits to the Black Sea. The eternal enemies, Athens and the Persians, were on the same side, sending aid to the besieged. Due to stubborn resistance, Philip is forced to retreat. 339 BC e. - a hike to the Scythians to the banks of the Danube. The Scythian leader Atei fell in the battle:

« Twenty thousand women and children were taken captive, many livestock were captured; gold and silver were not found at all. Then I had to believe that the Scythians are really very poor. Twenty thousand of the best mares were sent to Macedonia to breed horses [of the Scythian breed]».

However, on the way home, the warlike tribals attacked the Macedonians and recaptured all the trophies. " In this battle, Philip was wounded in the thigh, and moreover, so that the weapon, passing through the body of Philip, killed his horse.»

Barely recovering from his wounds, although the limp remained, the indefatigable Philip quickly moved to Greece.

2. Submission to Greece

Philip entered Greece not as a conqueror, but at the invitation of the Greeks themselves, in order to punish the inhabitants of Amfissa in central Greece for the unauthorized seizure of sacred lands. However, after the ruin of Amphissus, the king was in no hurry to leave Greece. He captured a number of cities from where he could easily threaten the main Greek states.

Thanks to the energetic efforts of Demosthenes, a longtime opponent of Philip and now one of the leaders of Athens, an anti-Macedonian coalition was formed between a number of cities; through the efforts of Demosthenes, the strongest of them was attracted to the union - Thebes, who were still in alliance with Philip. The long-standing feud between Athens and Thebes gave way to a sense of danger from the increased power of Macedonia. The combined forces of these states tried to squeeze the Macedonians out of Greece, but to no avail. In 338 BC. e. there was a decisive battle at Chaeronea, which put an end to the splendor and greatness of ancient Hellas.

The defeated Greeks fled from the battlefield. Anxiety, which almost escalated into panic, seized Athens. To suppress the desire to flee, the national assembly adopted a resolution according to which such acts were considered treason and were punishable by death. The inhabitants began to vigorously strengthen the walls of the city, accumulate food, the entire male population was called up to military service, and freedom was promised to the slaves. However, Philip did not go to Attica, mindful of the unsuccessful siege of Byzantium and the fleet of Athens in 360 triremes. Having harshly ordered Thebes, he offered Athens relatively lenient peace terms. The forced peace was accepted, although the words of the orator Lycurgus about the fallen in the Chaeronean fields speak of the mood of the Athenians: “ After all, when they parted with their lives, Hellas was enslaved, and along with their bodies the freedom of the rest of the Hellenes was buried.»

3. Death of Philip

« Philip determined the conditions of peace for all of Greece in accordance with the merits of individual states and formed a general council from all of them, as it were, a single senate. Only the Lacedaemonians reacted with contempt both to the king and to his institutions, considering not peace, but slavery, that peace, about which not the states themselves agreed, but which was granted by the victor. Then the number of auxiliary detachments was determined, which were to be deployed by individual states either to help the king in case of an attack on him, or to use them under his command in case he himself declared war on someone. And there was no doubt that these preparations were directed against the Persian state ... At the beginning of spring, he sent forward to Asia, subject to the Persians, three generals: Parmenion, Aminta and Attalus ...»

However, a sharp family crisis caused by the human passions of the king. Namely, in 337 BC. e. he unexpectedly marries the young Cleopatra, which brought to power a group of her relatives led by Uncle Attal. The result was the departure of the offended Olympias to Epirus to his brother, Tsar Alexander Molossky, and the departure of his son, first after his mother, and then to the Illyrians. In the end, Philip reached a compromise that resulted in the return of Alexander. Philip smoothed out the offense of the Epirus king for his sister by marrying his daughter Cleopatra to him.

In the spring of 336 BC. e. Philip sent a 10-thousandth advance detachment under the command of Parmenion and Attalus to Asia and was going to march in person at the end of the wedding celebrations. However, during these celebrations, he was killed by his bodyguard Pausanias (for details see. here).

The death of the king was overgrown with various versions, based mainly on guesses and inferences according to the principle "who benefits". The Greeks suspected the indomitable Olympias; they also called the name of Alexander the Great, and in particular they said (according to Plutarch) that he responded to the complaints of Pausanias with a line from the tragedy: "To take revenge on everyone: father, bride, groom ...". Modern scholars also pay attention to the figure of Alexander Molossky, who had both a political and personal interest in the murder. Alexander the Great executed two brothers from Linkestida for complicity in the assassination attempt, but the reasons for the verdict remained unclear. Then the same Alexander blamed the death of his father on the Persians. History deals with fait accompli, and one of them is indisputable. The throne of Macedonia was taken by Philip's son, Alexander, who eclipsed his father by his deeds, and with whose name a new era in the history of Hellas and the entire ancient world is associated.

4. Wives and children of Philip II

Athenaeus based on the biography of Philip, written by Satyr in the 3rd century. BC e., writes:

“Philip always took new wife on each of his wars. In Illyria he took Audata and had a daughter, Keenana by her. He also married Phila, sister of Derda and Mahat. Wanting to make claims to Thessaly, he took in children from Thessalian women, one of them was Nikesipolis of Fer, who bore him Thessalonica, the other was Filinna of Larissa, from whom he got hold of Arridaeus. Further, he acquired the kingdom of the molossians [Epirus] by marrying Olympias, from whom he had Alexander and Cleopatra. When he subjugated Thrace, the Thracian king Kofelai went over to him, who gave him his daughter Meda and a large dowry. Having married her, he thus brought home his second wife after the Olympics. After all these women, he married Cleopatra, with whom he fell in love, Attalus's niece. Cleopatra gave birth to Philip's daughter Europa. "

Justin also mentions a certain Karan, the son of Philip, but there is no confirmation of this. Justin often confuses names and events.

Wives: Audata of Illyria (359 BC), Phila of Macedonia (359 BC), Nikesipolis of Thessaly (358 BC), Owl of Thessaly (357 BC), Olympias from Epirus (357 BC), Meda from Thrace (340 BC), Cleopatra from Macedonia (337 BC). Children: daughters - Keenana, Thessalonica, Cleopatra, Europe; sons - Arridey, Alexander, (Karan?).

reproached Philip for having children from different women, he replied like this: “ This is so that, seeing so many applicants for the kingdom, you should be good and kind and owe the power not to me, but to yourself.". The fate of Philip's children was tragic. Alexander became king of Macedonia under the name of Alexander the Great and died of illness at the age of 33. After him, the feeble-minded Arrideus nominally reigned under the name of Philip Arrideus, until he was killed by order of Olympias' stepmother. She also killed Europa, Philip's daughter by Cleopatra of Macedon, shortly after her birth. Kinana died in the war of the Diadochi, Cleopatra, having been the queen of Epirus, was killed by order of the Diadochus Antigonus. Thessalonica married Cassander and continued the royal dynasty, but was killed by her own son. Karan was killed by Alexander as an unwanted contender for the throne.

5. Philip as a military leader

Demosthenes left this comment on Philip's strategy:

“Before the Lacedaemonians, for four or five months, just at the best time of the year, would invade, sometimes devastate the country of their opponents with their hoplites, that is, civilian militias, and then go back home ... it was some kind of honest and open war ... Now ... most of the cases were ruined by traitors and nothing is decided by speeches on the battlefield or correct battles ... And I'm not talking about the fact that he [Philip] is completely indifferent to whether winter is at this time or summer, and he does not make an exemption for any time of the year and at no time suspends his actions. "

It is Philip who is credited with creating a regular Macedonian army. Previously, the Macedonian king, as Thucydides wrote about Perdiccas II, had at his disposal a permanent equestrian squad numbering about a thousand soldiers and mercenaries, and the popular militia on foot was called up in the event of an external invasion. The number of cavalry increased due to the admission of new "gaiters" for military service Thus, the king tied the tribal nobility to himself personally, enticing them with new lands and gifts. The cavalry of the Getaira in the time of Alexander the Great consisted of 8 squadrons of 200-250 heavily armed horsemen. Philip was the first in Greece to use cavalry as an independent striking force. In the Battle of Chaeronea, the Ghetaira under the command of Alexander exterminated the invincible "Sacred Detachment" of Thebans.

The foot militia, thanks to successful wars and tribute from the conquered peoples, turned into a permanent professional army, as a result of which it became possible to create a Macedonian phalanx recruited on a territorial basis. At the time of Philip, the Macedonian phalanx consisted of regiments of about 1500 people each and could operate both in a dense monolithic formation and maneuver units, rebuild, change depth and front.

Philip also used other types of troops: shield-bearers (guards infantry, more mobile than a phalanx), thessalian allied cavalry (not much different in armament and number from the hetaires), light cavalry from barbarians, archers, foot detachments of allies.

According to Polienus:

« Philip accustomed the Macedonians to constant exercise, in peacetime, as in a real business. So he often forced them to march 300 furlongs, carrying with him helmets, shields, greaves and spears, and on top of that, food and other utensils.»

The tsar maintained discipline in the troops. When two of his generals brought a brothel songwriter to the camp, he expelled both of them from Macedonia.

Thanks to Greek engineers, Philip used mobile towers and throwing machines during the siege of Perinth and Byzantium (340-339 BC). Earlier, the Greeks took cities, as in the case of the legendary Troy, mainly by starvation and smashing the walls with battering rams. Philip himself preferred bribery to assault. Plutarch ascribes to him a winged expression - “ any walls can be overcome by a donkey loaded with gold».

At the beginning of the reign, Philip, at the head of the army, rushed into the thick of the battle: under Metona, an arrow knocked out his eye, the tribals pierced his thigh through and through, and broke his collarbone in one of the battles. Later, the king controlled the troops, relying on his commanders, and tried to use a variety of tactics, and even better political ones. As Polienus writes about Philip: “ He was not as successful in the power of arms as in alliances and negotiations ... He neither disarmed the defeated nor destroyed their fortifications, but his main concern was to create rival factions to protect the weak and crush the strong».
Justin repeats after: “ Any technique that led to victory was not shameful in his eyes.»

6. Philip in reviews of contemporaries

Philip left contradictory judgments of his contemporaries about himself. In some, he evoked hatred as a strangler of freedom, while others saw in him the messiah sent to unite the fragmented Hellas. Insidious and generous at the same time. He won victories, but also suffered defeats. He invited philosophers to the court, and he himself indulged in unrestrained drunkenness. Had many children, but none of them died by age.

Philip, despite the years spent in Thebes in his youth, did not in any way resemble an enlightened sovereign, but was in manners and way of life similar to the barbarian kings of neighboring Thrace. Theopompus, who personally observed the life of the Macedonian court under Philip, left such a devastating review:

“If there was anyone in all Greece or among the barbarians whose character was notable for shamelessness, he was inevitably drawn to the court of King Philip in Macedonia and received the title of" comrade of the king. " For it was Philip's custom to praise and promote those who spent their lives drinking and gambling ... Some of them, being men, even cleanly shaved their bodies; and even bearded men did not shy away from mutual filth. They took with them two or three slaves for lust, while at the same time betraying themselves for the same shameful service, so it would be fair to call them not soldiers, but prostitutes. "

Athenaeus repeats this quote from Theopompus and adds that although the number associates did not exceed 800, but they owned more land than any 10 thousand rich Greeks.

The drunkenness at Philip's court astonished the Greeks. He himself often went into battle drunk, received Athenian ambassadors. The violent feasts of the kings were characteristic of the era of decay of tribal relations, and the refined Greeks, who severely condemned drunkenness and debauchery, also spent their time in feasts and wars in their heroic era, which has come down to us in the legends of Homer. Polybius quotes an inscription on Philip's sarcophagus: “ He appreciated the joys of life».

Philip loved a merry feast with an immoderate consumption of undiluted wine, appreciated the jokes of his fellow diners and, for his wit, brought closer not only the Macedonians, but also the Greeks. He also appreciated education, for the training and education of Alexander, heir to the throne, he invited Aristotle. Justin noted Philip's oratory:

“In conversations he was both flattering and cunning, in words he promised more than he fulfilled ... As an orator he was eloquently inventive and witty; the sophistication of his speech was combined with lightness, and this lightness itself was sophisticated. "

He respected and generously rewarded his friends, and treated enemies with condescension. He was not cruel to the defeated, easily released the prisoners and granted freedom to the slaves. In everyday life and communication, he was simple and accessible, although vain. As Justin writes, Philip wanted his subjects to love him and tried to judge him fairly.

Notes (edit)

Diodorus the Sicilian Plutarch. "Sayings of kings and generals." Philip. Justin, 7.3 Athenaeus, b-e Plutarch. Biographies of the generals. Alexander. Perhaps Justin misrepresented the name of Aminta, a cousin of Alexander the Great, who was actually executed immediately after Alexander came to power. Demosthenes. 3rd Philippica (speech against Philip) - ***** / POEEAST / DEMOSFEN / demosfen1_1.txt. ^ 1 2 Polienus, Cunning of War, 4.2 Polybius, 8.11 Athenaeus, 4.259f Athenaeus, 10.434a

Was the king of Macedonia. His name was Philip II. However, despite the fact that he is better known as a father, he himself was an extremely intelligent, cunning and resourceful ruler.

It was he who created the political, economic and military platform for the ascent of his world famous son. Philip the Great lived in 382-336 BC.

If you want to know some of King Philip 2, then read on.

It is reliably known that father and son often quarreled. Once, after a verbal skirmish, Philip, who had drunk a fair amount of wine before this, drew his sword from its scabbard and rushed to his son. But he could not reach him, as his legs twisted, and he fell.

- That's a man! - Alexander exclaimed. - He wants to go through Europe to Asia, but he himself cannot walk from table to chair!

An interesting fact is that Philip II of Macedon is the author of one famous aphorism that has survived to this day.

In the course of one military campaign, it happened that soldiers came and told him:

- The city cannot be taken, it is too fortified.

- Really! - Philip exclaimed in rage. - Yes, any donkey will take it, if, of course, load it with gold! - a little later added the king.

The commander meant bribery of the city authorities. This aphorism of Philip is still used today. great of this world, it means that the father of Alexander the Great was right!

Once in the life of Philip the Great II, an interesting fact occurred that later cost him his life. The fact is that the immoderate human passions that raged in the soul of the Macedonian king were not limited to anything.

His contemporaries wrote a lot about this. So he fell in love with a young and famous lady from Macedonia named Cleopatra (this is not the "one" that many know from films and books). Having divorced his wife Olympias, he married this beauty.

The rejected queen went to her brother, the king of Epirus (the region between Greece and Albania). But on this the offense of the former first Macedonian lady did not pass.

She made many insidious plans on how to take revenge on her unfaithful husband and, finally, one intrigue she succeeded.

The closest possible image of Philip the Great

The father was killed by his bodyguard Pausanias during one of the lavish celebrations. He was only 46 years old.

1. Philip II limped on his left leg after being severely wounded in the thigh. One day, representatives of a warlike tribe attacked his detachment. One of the barbarians pierced the king's leg with a spear and killed the horse under him. It's amazing how the ruler himself remained alive after that.
2. Philip the Great lost an eye at the beginning of his reign. In his youth, being insanely brave, he was constantly the first to rush into the thick of battles. In the battle of Methona, an arrow knocked out his eye. However, in fairness, it should be noted that having become a mature husband, he developed ingenious tactical schemes, which he implemented extremely successfully through his military leaders.
3. The height of King Philip 2 was about 180 cm, which was extremely high for the Macedonians of ancient times.

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Philip 2 created all the prerequisites for his son to be able to conquer half of the world. Philip began with an army defeated by the Illyrians, with a poor and weak state. After strengthening the army and defeating the northern barbarians, Philip took control of the rich mines. Where by diplomacy, where by bribery, and sometimes by decisive military actions, Philip subjugated neighboring states, starting with Thessaly. Like Rome in the future, Philip divided and dominated Greece. The Battle of Chaeronea finally consolidated the hegemony of Macedonia, allowed Philip to lead the Corinthian League and begin preparations for the invasion of Persia. Death prevented him from fulfilling his plans.

Information about Philip 2 of Macedon and the Battle of Chaeronea can be found in the Historical Library of Diodorus Sicily, Stratagems Polienus, Comparative Biographies Plutarch and Justin The History of Philip - Pompey Trogus. Philip's preparation of 2 phalangits is described in the article.

Plutarch, Pelopidas

He (Pelopidas) settled the strife, returned the exiles and, taking Philip, the king's brother, and thirty other boys from the most noble families hostage, sent them to Thebes to show the Greeks how far the influence of Thebans extends thanks to the glory of their power and faith in their justice. It was the same Philip, who later challenged Greece's freedom by force of arms. As a boy, he lived in Thebes at Pammenos and on this basis was considered a zealous follower of Epaminondas. It is possible that Philip really learned something, seeing his tirelessness in the affairs of war and command ...

Justin, 6.9

At the same time (the Athenians) began to divide public funds, which used to support soldiers and rowers, between the urban population. As a result of all this, it happened that, through the fault of such licentiousness of the Greeks, a despicable, unknown people - the Macedonians - rose from insignificance, and Philip, who was held in Thebes for three years as a hostage, brought up on the examples of the valor of Epaminondas and Pelopides, imposed on the whole of Greece and Asia as the yoke of slavery, the rule of Macedonia.

Diodorus 16.2,3,8,35

Philip, son of Amynta and father of Alexander, who defeated the Persians in the war, received the Macedonian throne as follows. When Amynta was defeated by the Illyrians and forced to pay tribute to the conquerors, the Illyrians took Philip, the youngest son of Amynta, as a hostage and left him in the care of the Thebans. They, in turn, entrusted the boy to Epaminondas' father and ordered him to closely monitor his charge and direct his upbringing and education. When Epaminondas was given to the teacher of philosophy of the Pythagorean school, Philip, who was brought up with him, acquired a wide acquaintance with Pythagorean philosophy. Since both students showed natural ability and hard work, they proved their superiority in valor. Of the two, Epaminondas went through the most severe trials and battles and led his fatherland, almost miraculously, to the leadership of Hellas, while Philip, using his exactly the same initial training, achieved no less than the glory of Epaminondas. After the death of Aminta, Alexander, the eldest of the sons of Aminta, ascended the throne. But Ptolemy of Alor killed him and ascended the throne, and then Perdiccas treated him in a similar way, and ruled like a king. But when he was defeated in a great battle with the Illyrians and fell in battle, Philip, his brother, fled from custody as a hostage, and received a kingdom in poor condition. The Macedonians lost more than four thousand people in battle, and the rest, seized by panic, became extremely afraid of the Illyrian army and lost courage to continue the war. Around the same time, the peons who lived near Macedonia began to plunder its lands, showing contempt for the Macedonians, the Illyrians began to gather a large army and prepare to invade Macedonia, while a certain Pausanias, who was associated with the royal family of Macedonia, plans with with the help of the Thracian king to join the struggle for the throne of Macedonia. Likewise, the Athenians, also hostile to Philip, tried to put Argeus on the throne and sent the strategist Mantias with three thousand hoplites and significant naval forces.

The Macedonians, because of the misfortunes suffered in battle and the great dangers pressing on them, were in great confusion. And yet, due to such fears and dangers that threatened him, Philip was not panicked by the significance of the expected work, but by calling the Macedonians together for a number of meetings and calling them to be men in a bright speech, he raised their morale, improved their organization. his forces and equipped the people with suitable weapons for war, he introduced constant teachings of men under arms and competition in physical exercise. Indeed, he developed the dense formation and equipment of the phalanx, imitating the closed battle formation with overlapping shields of the Trojan warriors, and was the first creator of the Macedonian phalanx.

Artist A. Karashchuk

... And since he soon accumulated wealth from these mines, with an abundance of money he raised the prestige of the Macedonian kingdom higher and higher flesh to the highest position, since the gold coins that he minted became known by his name as Philippi, he organized a large detachment mercenaries, and with the help of this money prompted many Greeks to become traitors to their native land.

After that, Philip, responding to the call of the Thessalians, sent his troops into Thessaly, and first waged a war against Lycophron, the tyrant of Fer, helping the Thessalians, but later, Lycophron called for auxiliary forces from his Phocian allies, Phaillus, brother of Onomarch, was sent with seven thousand Human. But Philip defeated the Phocians and drove them out of Thessaly. Then Onomarchus appeared in a hurry with all his military forces to support Lycophron, believing that he would achieve domination over all Thessaly. When Philip, together with the Thessalians, entered the battle against the Phocians, Onomarchus, having a numerical superiority, defeated him in two battles and killed many of the Macedonians. Philip was in extreme danger and his soldiers were so discouraged that they left him, but having roused the courage of the majority, he with great difficulty forced them to obey his orders. Later, Philip withdrew his troops to Macedonia, and Onomarchus, having gone to Boeotia, defeated the Boeotians in battle and took the city of Coronea. As for Thessaly, Philip just at this time returned with an army from Macedonia and set out on a campaign against Lycophron, the tyrant of Fer. Lycophron, however, since the balance of forces was not in his favor, summoned the Phocians to reinforce his allies, promising to jointly organize a government in Thessaly with them. Therefore, when Onomarchus hurried to his support with twenty thousand foot and five hundred horsemen, Philip, convincing the Thessalians to wage the war together, gathered a joint force of more than twenty thousand foot and three thousand horse. A stubborn battle took place and, with the Thessalian cavalry, superior to the enemy in both numbers and valor, Philip won. Since Onomarchus fled to the sea and Hares of Athens accidentally sailed in his triremes, a great massacre of the Phocians took place; people, trying to escape, took off their armor and tried to swim to the triremes, and among them was Onomarch. As a result, more than six thousand Phocians and mercenaries were killed, among them the strategist himself, and at least three thousand were taken prisoner. Philip hanged Onomarch, the rest he threw into the sea, as the defilers of the temple.

Polien, 4.2.17

Philip, wishing to acquire Thessaly, did not openly fight the Thessalians himself, but while the Pellineans were fighting the Farsals and the Ferreians with the Larissians, and the rest were divided into warring sides, he always came to the aid of those who called him. Having gained the upper hand, he did not drive out the defeated, did not take away weapons, did not destroy fortifications, but even more intensified strife or unleashed them, supported the weak, overthrew the stronger, was a friend to the representatives of the people, rendered services to demagogues. It was with these strategists, not weapons, that Philip took possession of Thessaly.

2.38.2 (defeat of Philip by stone throwers)

Onomarchus, preparing for a battle against the Macedonians, took a semicircular mountain in his rear and, hiding stones and stone throwers on both peaks, led the army to the plain lying below. When the advancing Macedonians fired, the Phokidians pretended to run towards the middle of the mountain. The Macedonians were already pressing them, pursuing them with courage and pressure, the same ones, throwing stones from the heights, crushed the Macedonian phalanx. It was then that Onomarchus gave the signal to the Phokides to turn and attack the enemies. The Macedonians, when some attacked them from behind, while others threw stones, fleeing with great difficulty, retreated. It is said that during this flight, the Macedonian king Philip said: "I did not flee, but retreated like a ram in order to strike again with a stronger blow."

Plutarch, Demosthenes

... Then, driving the ambassador across Greece and making fiery speeches against Philip, he (Demosthenes) rallied almost all states to fight Macedonia, so that it turned out to be possible to recruit an army of fifteen thousand footmen and two thousand horsemen - in addition to the detachments of citizens - and each the city willingly contributed money to pay the salaries of the mercenaries.

Demosthenes, Speech

First of all, then, the Lacedaemonians, and everyone else, within four or five months, just at the best time of the year, would invade, devastate the country of * opponents * with their hoplites, that is, civilian militias, and then go back home. Now ... on the contrary, you hear that Philip goes wherever he pleases, not with the help of the hoplite army, but surrounding himself with lightly armed, cavalry, riflemen, mercenaries - in general, troops of this kind. When, with these troops, he attacks people suffering from internal ailments, and no one comes out to defend their country due to mutual mistrust, then he will install war machines and begin a siege. And I'm not even talking about the fact that he is completely indifferent to whether winter is at this time or summer, and he does not make an exemption for any season of the year and at no time does he suspend his actions.

And look how it was with Philip, with whom we had a struggle. Firstly, he disposed of his subordinates himself with sovereignty, and this is the most important of all in matters of war. Then, his people never let go of their weapons. Further, he had an abundance of money, and he did what he himself found necessary ... he did not have to give an account to anyone - in a word, he himself was over everything as a lord, leader and master. Well, and I, put one on one against him (it is fair to make out this), over what did I have power? - Nothing! ... But nevertheless, despite such disadvantages in our position, I attracted the Euboeans, Achaeans, Corinthians, Thebans, Megarians, Levkadians, Kerkirians to an alliance with you - they all managed to recruit a total of fifteen thousand mercenaries and two thousand horsemen other than civilian forces; I tried to collect as much money as I could.

Johnny Shumate artist

Battle of Chaeronea, 338 BC

The description of the Battle of Chaeronea is very vague. Most later writers try to emphasize the role of Alexander. Even with the alignment of the armies, there is no complete clarity. Modern authors try to reconstruct the battle, often from opposite points of view. Andrei Kurkin's reconstruction is peculiar, completely changing the disposition of the troops in comparison with the generally accepted interpretation of sources. It is based on the location of the lion - the monument to the dead and explains many moments of the battle, but does not agree with the fact that Philip directly fought with the Athenians. In Hammond's reconstruction, the wing, led by the sacred detachment of Thebans, for some reason leaned back. Whereas Epaminondas, on the contrary, built an oblique battle formation with the strongest wing forward.

Diodorus, 16.85-86

He (Philip) waited for the last straggler of his allies to arrive, and then entered Boeotia. His troops came with more than thirty thousand infantry and no less than two thousand cavalry. Both sides were focused on battle, in good spirits and hot, and were comparable in courage, but the king had the advantage both in number and in the gift of a commander. He fought many battles of various kinds and was victorious in most cases, so he had a lot of experience in military operations. On the Athenian side, the best of their strategists were dead — Iphicrates, Khabri, and Timothy among them — and the best of those who remained, Hares, was no better than any average soldier for the energy and prudence demanded by a commander.

Xristos Gianopoulos artist

The armies deployed at dawn and the king placed his son Alexander, a young man by years, but marked by valor and speed of action, on one wing, placing his most experienced strategists next to it, and himself, at the head of selected detachments, commanded on the other; individual units were stationed where the occasion required. On the other hand, dividing the front by peoples, the Athenians gave one wing to the Boeotians, and themselves took the lead on the other. Once the battle began, both sides fought fervently for a long time, and there were many who fell on both sides, so that for a while the course of the struggle gave hope of victory for both sides.

Then Alexander, whose soul compelled him to show his father his prowess and indomitable will to victory, skillfully supported by his people, was the first to break the continuous front of the enemy line and, having slain many, he laid a heavy burden on the troops opposing him. The same success was achieved by his comrades, gaps in the front line were constantly open. Piling up the corpses, in the end, Alexander pushed his way through the line and put his opponents to flight. Then the king also personally moved significantly forward and did not yield in honor of victory even to Alexander, he first pushed back the troops located in front of him, and then, forced them to flee, became a man who brought victory. More than a thousand Athenians fell in battle and no less than two thousand were captured. In addition, many of the Boeotians were killed and many captured. After the battle, Philip delivered a victorious trophy, gave out for the burial of the fallen, made sacrifices to the gods for victory, and rewarded those of his people who distinguished themselves according to their merits.

Reconstruction of the battle, A. Kurkin

Polyene, 4.2.2.7

Philip, when he fought at Chaeronea with the Athenians, leaning back, retreated. Stratocles, the strategist of the Athenians, exclaiming: "Until then we must keep up with the enemies, until we drive them into Macedonia!" - continued to follow the Macedonians. “The Athenians do not know how to win,” Philip said and began to retreat to face the enemy, closing the phalanx and defending himself with weapons from the onslaught of the Athenians. A little later, having occupied the hills, he encouraged his army, made a turn and, resolutely rushing towards the Athenians, brilliantly fought with them and won.

Philip at Chaeronea, knowing that the Athenians were impetuous and not accustomed to military exercises, and the Macedonians were experienced and trained, having dragged out the battle for a long time, soon tired the Athenians and thereby easily won a victory over them.

Reconstruction of the battle, N. Hammond

Plutarch, Alexander

Alexander also took part in the battle with the Greeks at Chaeronea and, they say, was the first to rush into battle with the sacred detachment of Thebans.

Justin, 9.3.5

However, as soon as Philip recovered from his wound, he began a war against the Athenians, which he had long been secretly preparing. The Thebes sided with the Athenians, fearing that if the Athenians were defeated, the flames of war would spread to them. An alliance was concluded between these two states, not long before so hostile to each other, and they sent out embassies throughout Greece: they believe, [they said], that the common enemy must be repelled by common forces, for Philip, if his first actions are successful , will not rest until it has conquered all of Greece. Under the influence of this, some states joined the Athenians; some, on the other hand, were led by fear of the hardships of war to Philip's side. When it came to battle, the Athenians, although they outnumbered the enemy by far, were defeated by the valor of the Macedonians, tempered in constant wars. But they perished, remembering their former glory; the wounds of all [the fallen] were on their chests, and each, [falling and] dying, covered with his body the place where he had been placed by his commander. This day was for all of Greece the end of her glorious domination and her ancient freedom.

Artist Adam Hook

Philip, putting things in order in Greece, ordered to convene representatives from all states to Corinth in order to establish a certain order in the current state of affairs. Here Philip determined the conditions of peace for all of Greece in accordance with the merits of individual states and formed a general council from all of them, as it were, a single senate. Only the Lacedaemonians reacted with contempt for both the king and his institutions, considering not peace, but slavery, that peace, about which not the states themselves agreed, but which was bestowed by the victor. Then the number of auxiliary detachments was determined, which were to be deployed by individual states either to help the king in case of an attack on him, or to use them under his command in case he himself declared war on someone. And there was no doubt that these preparations were directed against the Persian state. The number of auxiliary detachments was two hundred thousand infantry and fifteen thousand horsemen. In addition to this number - the Macedonian army and detachments of barbarians from the neighboring tribes conquered by Macedonia. At the beginning of spring, he sent forward to Asia, subject to the Persians, three generals: Parmenion, Aminta and Attalus.